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===Selective mining methods=== *'''Cut and fill''' mining is a method of short-hole mining used in steeply dipping or irregular ore zones, in particular where the [[hanging wall]] limits the use of long-hole methods. The ore is mined in horizontal or slightly inclined slices, and then filled with waste rock, sand or [[tailings]]. Either fill option may be cemented with binders to add cohesion to the matrix or left uncemented. Cut and fill mining is an expensive but selective method, with the advantages of low ore loss and dilution.<ref name="Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook">{{cite book | last = Puhakka | first = Tulla | title = Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook | publisher = Tamrock Corporation | year = 1997 | location = Finland | pages = 98β130 }}</ref> *'''[[Drift mining|Drift]] and fill''' is similar to cut and fill, except that it is used in ore zones, which are wider than the method of drifting will allow to be mined. In this case, the first drift is developed in the ore, and is backfilled using consolidated fill. The second drift is driven adjacent to the first drift. This carries on until the ore zone is mined out to its full width, at which time the second cut is started atop of the first cut. *'''[[Shrinkage stope mining|Shrinkage stoping]]''' is a short-hole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. This method is similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. Only enough ore is removed from the stope to allow for drilling and blasting the next slice. The stope is emptied when all of the ore has been blasted. Although it is very selective and allows for low dilution, since most of the ore stays in the stope until mining is completed, there is a delayed return on capital investments.<ref name="Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook"/> *''' VRM'''/ '''VCR''': Vertical retreat mining (VRM) also known as Vertical crater retreat (VCR) is a method where mine is divided in vertical zones{{clarify|date=September 2015}} with depth of about 50 meters using open stoping, bottom-up mining. Long-hole large-diameter holes are drilled vertically into the ore body from the top using in-the-hole (ITH)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/dirty-great-machines/dirty-great-machines-videos/the-in-the-hole-drill/ |title=The In-The-Hole Drill | Dirty Great Machines | Discovery Science |access-date=2017-01-29 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064054/http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/dirty-great-machines/dirty-great-machines-videos/the-in-the-hole-drill/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify|date=September 2015}} drills, and then blasting horizontal slices of the ore body into an undercut. Ore blasted in retrieval taken in phase. This retrieval is done from bottom of the section developed. Last cleaning of ore is done through remote controlled LHD machines. A system of primary and secondary stopes is often used in VCR mining, where primary stopes are mined in the first stage and then backfilled with cemented fill to provide wall support for the blasting of successive stopes. Side chambers will be mined in pre-planned sequence after the fill has solidified.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Vale Inco's Creighton mine: Digging deeper by the day |url=https://mining.cat.com/cda/files/2785508/7/Creighton_Eng.pdf.;VIEWPOINT |url-status=dead |journal=Viewpoint |issue=3 |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621015524/https://mining.cat.com/cda/files/2785508/7/Creighton_Eng.pdf.;VIEWPOINT |archive-date=2015-06-21 |quote=Vertical retreat mining (VRM) was introduced in the mid-1980s to replace the cut-and-fill mining method. The slot-slash mining method, a modified VRM, was introduced in the late 1990s and replaced the VRM mining.}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miningbasics.com/vertical-crater-retreat-mining-method|title=Mining & Metallurgy 101|website=www.miningbasics.com|access-date=2017-01-27|archive-date=2011-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206201201/http://miningbasics.com/vertical-crater-retreat-mining-method|url-status=live}}</ref>
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