Editing Tunisia (section)

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Tunisia}}
[[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Tunisia.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|GDP per capita development of Tunisia]]
Ranked the most competitive economy in Africa by the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings |access-date=16 September 2009 |work=weforum.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2010 }}</ref> Tunisia is an export-oriented country in the process of liberalizing and privatizing an economy that, while averaging 5% GDP growth since the early 1990s, has suffered from corruption benefiting politically connected elites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/681.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202245/http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/681.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=GTZ in Tunisia |work=gtz.de |publisher=GTZ |access-date=20 October 2010 }}</ref> Tunisia's Penal Code criminalises several forms of corruption, including active and passive bribery, abuse of office, extortion and conflicts of interest, but the anti-corruption framework is not effectively enforced.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tunisia Corruption Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/tunisia/show-all.aspx|website=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714162225/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/tunisia/show-all.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> However, according to the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] published annually by [[Transparency International]], Tunisia was ranked the least corrupt North African country in 2016, with a score of 41. Tunisia has a diverse economy, ranging from agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and petroleum products, to [[Tourism in Tunisia|tourism]], which accounted for 7% of the total GDP and 370,000 jobs in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.france24.com/en/20110111-tunisia-protests-tourism-trouble-paradise-unmasked-tunisian-economic-miracle |title=Trouble in paradise: How one vendor unmasked the 'economic miracle' |publisher=France24 |date= 11 January 2011|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> In 2008 it had an economy of US$41 billion in nominal terms, and $82 billion in [[purchasing power parity|PPP]].<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |title=Tunisia|date=19 October 2021 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ |publisher=CIA World Factbook }}</ref>

The agricultural sector accounts for 11.6% of the GDP, industry 25.7%, and services 62.8%. The industrial sector is mainly made up of clothing and footwear manufacturing, production of car parts, and electric machinery. Although Tunisia managed an average 5% growth over the last decade, it continues to suffer from a high unemployment rate, especially among youth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haouas|first1=Ilham|last2=Sayre|first2=Edward|last3=Yagoubi|first3=Mahmoud|url=https://meea.sites.luc.edu/volume14/PDFS/Youth_employment_in_Tunisia.pdf|title=Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: Characteristics and Policy Responses|journal=Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies|volume=14|date=September 2012|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/MNA/tunisia/breaking_the_barriers_to_youth_inclusion_eng_chap3.pdf|title=Tunisia: Breaking the Barriers to Youth Inclusion |chapter=Youth Inactivity and Unemployment|publisher=[[World Bank]]|date=1 November 2014|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Arous|first=Mohamed|url=https://www.usip.org/blog/2022/09/support-youth-tunisia-needs-new-approach-development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915104450/https://www.usip.org/blog/2022/09/support-youth-tunisia-needs-new-approach-development|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2022|title=To Support Youth, Tunisia Needs a New Approach to Development|publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]]|date=14 September 2022|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

The European Union remains Tunisia's first trading partner, currently accounting for 72.5% of Tunisian imports and 75% of Tunisian exports. Tunisia is one of the European Union's most established trading partners in the [[Mediterranean region]] and ranks as the EU's 30th largest trading partner. Tunisia was the first Mediterranean country to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union, in July 1995, although even before the date of entry came into force, Tunisia started dismantling tariffs on bilateral EU trade. Tunisia finalised the tariffs dismantling for industrial products in 2008 and therefore was the first non-EU Mediterranean country to enter in a free trade area with the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/tunisia/index_en.htm|access-date=16 September 2009 |title=Bilateral relations Tunisia EU |work=europa.eu}}</ref>

The consequences of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] for the global [[food supply]] are being felt particularly strongly in Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Tunesien: Was Saïed mit der rassistischen Gewalt zu tun hat |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/cb376837-8d43-4d52-b3ea-c25a5bd6d183 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.zdf.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the Tunisian food system - Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung |url=https://rosaluxna.org/publications/the-impact-of-the-russian-ukrainian-war-on-the-tunisian-food-system/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2023 the [[World Bank Group]] lent Tunisia $268.4 million to finance [[ELMED interconnector|ELMED]], an electrical interconnection project with [[Italy]] to import electricity generated from [[Energy transition|renewable energy sources]] to [[Sicily]] and the EU via a 600 [[MegaWatt|Megawatt]] [[undersea cable]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=World Bank lends Tunisia $268 million for power line with Italy |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/world-bank-lends-tunisia-268-mln-power-line-with-italy-2023-06-22/ |access-date=2023-10-01}}</ref>

Tunisia was ranked 81st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Tunisia}}
[[File:Tunezja, Sidi Bou Said - panoramio (10).jpg|thumb|upright|Sidi Bou Said]]
Among Tunisia's tourist attractions are its cosmopolitan capital city of [[Tunis]], the ancient ruins of [[Carthage]], the Muslim and Jewish quarters of [[Djerba]], coastal resorts outside of [[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]], and the night life-driven city of [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAMMAMET |url=https://www.tunisiatourism.info/en/destination/hammamet |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=TunisiaTourism.info |language=fr}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', Tunisia is "known for its golden beaches, sunny weather and affordable luxuries".<ref>{{cite news |title=A Night, and Day, In Tunisia at a New Resort |last=Glusac |first=Elaine |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 November 2009 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE4D81538F931A15752C1A96F9C8B63}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Tunisia}}{{Pie chart
|thumb   = right
|caption = '''Sources of electricity production in Tunisia'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steg.com.tn/journee_sidi_salem/maitrise_energie.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055823/http://www.steg.com.tn/journee_sidi_salem/maitrise_energie.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |title=Effort national de maitrise de l'energie: contribution de la steg |access-date=12 November 2009 |last=Arfa |first= M. Othman Ben |work=steg.com.tn }}</ref>
|other   =
|label1  = Thermal steam
|value1  = 44
|color1  = #DD1100
|label2  = Combined cycle
|value2  = 43
|color2  = #0088DD
|label3  = Gas turbine
|value3  = 11
|color3  = #115500
|label4  = Wind, hydroelectric, solar
|value4  = 2
|color4  = #FFFF00
}}
Tunisia's current power production capacity is estimated at 5,944 [[Mega watt|MW]] installed in 25 power plants as of 2024. Tunisia produced 19,520 [[Gigawatt-hour|GWh]] in 2022. State owned power utility company [[Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas|STEG]] (Société Tunisienne d'Electricité et de Gas) controls 92.1% of the country's installed power production capacity and produces 83.5% of the electricity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Tunisia - Electrical Power Systems and Renewable Energy |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/tunisia-electrical-power-systems-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=Tunisia%20has%20a%20current%20power,produces%2083.5%25%20of%20the%20electricity. |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref>

Oil production of Tunisia is about {{convert|97600|oilbbl/d}}. The main field is El Bourma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/oilg/af/tu/p0005.htm|title=Oil and Gas in Tunisia|access-date=9 October 2009|work=mbendi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513163641/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/oilg/af/tu/p0005.htm|archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref>

Oil production began in 1966 in Tunisia. Currently there are 12 oil fields.<ref name="MBendi economical information">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/oilg/af/tu/p0005.htm|title=MBendi oilfields in Tunisia|access-date=31 October 2009|work=mbendi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513163641/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/oilg/af/tu/p0005.htm|archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref>

Tunisia had [[Energy in Tunisia|plans for two nuclear power stations]], to be operational by 2020. Both facilities are projected to produce 900–1000 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]. France is set to become an important partner in Tunisia's nuclear power plans, having signed an agreement, along with other partners, to deliver training and technology.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLN941296|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182904/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLN941296|archive-date=1 January 2016|title= Tunisias nuclear plans|work=Reuters| date=23 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="African manager">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanmanager.com/site_eng/detail_article.php?art_id=12263|title=Tunisia: A civil nuclear station of 1000 Megawatt and two sites are selected|access-date=4 November 2009|work=africanmanager.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052549/http://www.africanmanager.com/site_eng/detail_article.php?art_id=12263|archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Tunisia has abandoned these plans. Instead, Tunisia is considering other options to diversify its energy mix, such as renewable energies, coal, shale gas, liquified natural gas and constructing a submarine power interconnection with Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tunisieindustrie.gov.tn/debat-national-energie/debat-energie.html |title=Débat national sur l'Énergie |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080856/http://www.tunisieindustrie.gov.tn/debat-national-energie/debat-energie.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref>

According to the Tunisian Solar Plan (which is Tunisia's Renewable Energy Strategy not limited to solar, contrary to what its title may suggest), proposed by the [http://www.anme.nat.tn/index.php?id=3 National Agency for Energy Conservation] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021061924/http://www.anme.nat.tn/index.php?id=3 |date=21 October 2015 }}), Tunisia's objective is to reach a share of 30% of renewable energies in the electricity mix by 2030, most of which should be accounted for by wind power and photovoltaics.<ref>[http://www.anme.nat.tn/fileadmin/user1/doc/DEP/Rapport_final__PST.pdf Nouvelle version du plan solaire tunisien] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504032751/http://www.anme.nat.tn/index.php?id=3 |date=4 May 2018 }}. anme.nat.tn (April 2012)</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Tunisia had a total renewable capacity of 312 MW (245 MW wind, 62 MW hydropower, 15 MW photovoltaics.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Tunisia_Energy_Situation|title=Tunisia Energy Situation - energypedia|website=energypedia.info}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808035301/http://www.oitsfax.org/files/AApresentationHDR20140323.pdf Production de l'électricité en Tunisie]}}. oitsfax.org</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{main|Transport in Tunisia}}
The country maintains {{convert|19232|km|mi}} of roads,<ref name=CIA/> with three highways: the [[A1 motorway (Tunisia)|A1]] from Tunis to Sfax (works ongoing for Sfax-Libya), [[A3 motorway (Tunisia)|A3]] Tunis-Beja (works ongoing Beja – Boussalem, studies ongoing Boussalem – Algeria) and [[A4 motorway (Tunisia)|A4]] Tunis – Bizerte. There are 29 airports in Tunisia, with [[Tunis Carthage International Airport]] and [[Djerba–Zarzis International Airport]] being the most important ones. A new airport, [[Enfidha – Hammamet International Airport]] opened in 2011. The airport is located north of Sousse at Enfidha and is to mainly serve the resorts of Hamammet and Port El Kantaoui, together with inland cities such as Kairouan. Five airlines are headquartered in Tunisia: [[Tunisair]], [[Syphax Airlines]], [[Karthago Airlines]], [[Nouvelair]], and [[Tunisair Express]]. The railway network is operated by [[SNCFT]] and amounts to {{convert|2135|km|mi}} in total.<ref name=CIA/> The Tunis area is served by a [[Light rail]] network named ''Metro Leger'' which is managed by Transtu.

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia}}
Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation
services in the Middle East and North Africa. {{As of|2011}}, access to
safe drinking water became close to universal approaching 100% in urban
areas and 90% in rural areas.<ref name="JMP">{{cite web|last = World Health Organization|author-link = World Health Organization|author2 = UNICEF|title = Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation|url = http://www.wssinfo.org|access-date = 27 December 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/|archive-date = 16 February 2008}}</ref> Tunisia provides good quality drinking water throughout the year.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministère du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme "Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees" (PPMI): [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 "Étude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305195148/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 |date=5 March 2012 }}, Volume III, 2004, accessed on 21 March 2010</ref>

Responsibility for the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centers is assigned to the ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), a national water supply authority that is an autonomous public entity under the Ministry of Agriculture. Planning, design, and supervision of small and medium water supplies in the remaining rural areas are the responsibility of the ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR).

In 1974, ONAS was established to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS has had the status of a main operator for the protection of the water environment and combating pollution. The rate of non-revenue water is the lowest in the region at 21% in 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres">{{cite web|title = Chiffres clés|url = http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher = SONEDE|access-date = 27 December 2013|archive-date = 2 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202193502/http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43}}</ref>