Editing Tourette syndrome (section)

=== Other ===
{{Further|Management of Tourette syndrome#Other}}
[[Complementary and alternative medicine]] approaches, such as dietary modification, [[neurofeedback]] and [[allergy test]]ing and control have popular appeal, but they have no proven benefit in the management of Tourette syndrome.<ref name=Zinner2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zinner SH |title= Tourette syndrome—much more than tics |journal= Contemporary Pediatrics |date= Aug 2004 |volume= 21 |issue= 8 |pages= 22–49 |url= http://www.tsa-usa.org/Medical/images/cntped0804_022-036T1R2.pdf |access-date= May 20, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181455/http://www.tsa-usa.org/Medical/images/cntped0804_022-036T1R2.pdf |archive-date= September 30, 2007 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumar A, Duda L, Mainali G, Asghar S, Byler D |title=A comprehensive review of Tourette syndrome and complementary alternative medicine |journal=Curr Dev Disord Rep |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=95–100 |date=2018 |pmid=29755921 |pmc=5932093 |doi=10.1007/s40474-018-0137-2 |type= Review}}</ref> Despite this lack of evidence, up to two-thirds of parents, caregivers and individuals with TS use dietary approaches and alternative treatments and do not always inform their physicians.<ref name= Ludlow2018>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludlow AK, Rogers SL |title=Understanding the impact of diet and nutrition on symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A scoping review |journal=J Child Health Care |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=68–83 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29268618 |doi=10.1177/1367493517748373 |type= Review|doi-access=free |hdl=2299/19887 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{sfnp|Müller-Vahl|2013|p=628}}

There is low confidence that tics are reduced with [[tetrahydrocannabinol]],<ref name= PringHoller2019 /> and insufficient evidence for other [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]-based medications in the treatment of Tourette's.<ref name=Pringsheim2019 /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, et al|title=Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=995–1010 |date=December 2019 |pmid=31672337 |pmc=6949116 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8}}</ref> There is no good evidence supporting the use of [[acupuncture]] or [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]]; neither is there evidence supporting [[IVIG|intravenous immunoglobulin]], [[plasma exchange]], or antibiotics for the treatment of [[PANDAS]].<ref name= Hollis /><!-- p. xxxix.-->

[[Deep brain stimulation]] (DBS) has become a valid option for individuals with severe symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and management,<ref name= Baldermann>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baldermann JC, Schüller T, Huys D, et al |title=Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Brain Stimul |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=296–304 |date=2016 |pmid=26827109 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2015.11.005 |s2cid=22929403 |type= Review}}</ref> although it is an experimental treatment.<ref name= EuropeanPartIV>{{cite journal |vauthors=Szejko N, Worbe Y, Hartmann A, et al|title=European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part IV: deep brain stimulation |journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry |date=October 2021 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=443–461 |pmid=34605960 |doi=10.1007/s00787-021-01881-9|pmc=8940783 |s2cid=238254975 }}</ref> Selecting candidates who may benefit from DBS is challenging, and the appropriate lower age range for surgery is unclear;<ref name=Martino2018 /> it is potentially useful in less than 3% of individuals.<ref name=EuropeanGuidelines/> The ideal brain location to target has not been identified as of 2019.<ref name=Pringsheim2019 /><ref name=Viswanathan>{{cite journal |vauthors=Viswanathan A, Jimenez-Shahed J, Baizabal Carvallo JF, Jankovic J |title=Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: target selection |journal=Stereotact Funct Neurosurg |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=213–224 |date=2012 |pmid=22699684 |doi=10.1159/000337776 |type=Review |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/337776 |doi-access=free |access-date=January 25, 2020 |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829174430/https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/337776 |url-status=live }}</ref>