Editing Total Information Awareness (section)

== History ==
[[File:Admiral John Poindexter, official Navy photo, 1985.JPEG|thumb|[[Admiral (United States)|Adm.]] [[John Poindexter]], the director of the [[Information Awareness Office]] and chief supporter of TIA]]

The term ''total information awareness'' was first coined at the 1999 annual DARPAtech conference in a presentation by the deputy director of the Office of Information Systems Management, Brian Sharkey. Sharkey applied the phrase to a conceptual method by which the government could sift through massive amounts of data becoming available via digitization and draw important conclusions.<ref name= harris>{{cite book| last = Harris| first = Shane| title = The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State| publisher = Penguin| edition = reprint| date = 18 February 2010| url = https://archive.org/details/watchersriseofam00harr| url-access = registration| isbn = 9781101195741}}</ref>

=== Early developments ===
TIA was proposed as a program shortly after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, by Rear Admiral [[John Poindexter]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|date=2002-12-15|title=The Year in Ideas; Total Information Awareness|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/15/magazine/the-year-in-ideas-total-information-awareness.html|access-date=2021-04-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A former national security adviser to President [[Ronald Reagan]] and a key player in the [[Iran–Contra affair]], he was working with Syntek Technologies, a company often contracted out by the government for work on defense projects. TIA was officially commissioned during the 2002 [[fiscal year]].<ref name= bigbrother>{{cite web| url = https://www.publicintegrity.org/2002/12/17/3164/outsourcing-big-brother| title = Outsourcing Big Brother: Office of Total Information Awareness relies on private sector to track Americans| last1 = Mayle| first1 = Adam| last2 = Knott| first2 = Alex| date = 17 December 2002| website = www.publicintegrity.org| publisher = [[Center for Public Integrity]]| access-date = 6 June 2016}}</ref> In January 2002 Poindexter was appointed Director of the newly created [[Information Awareness Office]] division of DARPA, which managed TIA's development.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31786.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040627022053/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31786.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = June 27, 2004| title = Total Information Awareness Programs: Funding, Composition, and Oversight Issues| last = Belasco| first = Amy| date = 21 March 2003| website = www.au.af.mil/au| publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]] | access-date = 7 June 2016}}</ref> The office temporarily operated out of the fourth floor of DARPA's headquarters, while Poindexter looked for a place to permanently house TIA's researchers.<ref name= jacobsen/> Soon [[Project Genoa]] was completed and its research moved on to [[Genoa II]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/TIA/darpatech2002/speeches/ARMOUR.pdf| title = Genoa II DARPAtech 2002 Presentation Script| last = Armour| first = Tom| date = 2002| website = w2.eff.org| publisher = [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]| access-date = 20 June 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161008004230/https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/TIA/darpatech2002/speeches/ARMOUR.pdf| archive-date = 2016-10-08| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://infowar.net/tia/www.darpa.mil/iao/Genoa.htm| title = Genoa| website = www.darpa.mil/iao| publisher = [[Information Awareness Office]]| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090216081001/http://infowar.net/tia/www.darpa.mil/iao/Genoa.htm| archive-date = 2009-02-16}}</ref>

Late that year, the Information Awareness Office awarded the [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC) a $19 million contract to develop the "Information Awareness Prototype System", the core architecture to integrate all of TIA's information extraction, analysis, and dissemination tools. This was done through its consulting arm, Hicks & Associates, which employed many former Defense Department and military officials.<ref name= harris2/>

TIA's earliest version employed software called "Groove", which had been developed in 2000 by [[Ray Ozzie]]. Groove made it possible for analysts from many different agencies to share intelligence data instantly, and linked specialized programs that were designed to look for patterns of suspicious behavior.<ref>{{cite news|title=TECHNOLOGY; Many Tools Of Big Brother Are Now Up And Running|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/23/business/technology-many-tools-of-big-brother-are-now-up-and-running.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=7 December 2013|date=December 23, 2002}}</ref>

=== Congressional restrictions and termination===
On 24 January 2003, the [[United States Senate]] voted to limit TIA by restricting its ability to gather information from emails and the commercial databases of health, financial and travel companies.<ref>{{cite news|last=ADAM CLYMER|title=Senate Rejects Privacy Project|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/24/politics/24PRIV.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=7 December 2013|date=January 24, 2003}}</ref> According to the ''Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, Division M, § 111(b)'' passed in February, the Defense Department was given 90 days to compile a report laying out a schedule of TIA's development and the intended use of allotted funds or face a cutoff of support.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-108publ7/html/PLAW-108publ7.htm| title = Joint Resolution| date = February 2003| website = www.gpo.gov| publisher = [[United States Government Publishing Office]]| access-date = 7 June 2016}}</ref>

The report arrived on May 20. It disclosed that the program's computer tools were still in their preliminary testing phase. Concerning the pattern recognition of transaction information, only synthetic data created by researchers was being processed. The report also conceded that a full prototype of TIA would not be ready until the 2007 fiscal year.<ref name= congress/> Also in May, Total Information Awareness was renamed '''Terrorism Information Awareness''' in an attempt to stem the flow of criticism on its information-gathering practices on average citizens.<ref name= snowden>{{cite web| url = http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB436/| title = The Snowden Affair| last = Richelson| first = Jeffrey T.| date = 4 September 2013| website = nsarchive.gwu.edu| publisher = [[National Security Archive]]| access-date = 9 June 2016}}</ref>

At some point in early 2003, the [[National Security Agency]] began installing access nodes on TIA's classified network.<ref name= shorrock/> The NSA then started running stacks of emails and intercepted communications through TIA's various programs.<ref name= bamford/>

Following a scandal in the Department of Defense involving a [[Policy Analysis Market|proposal]] to reward investors who predicted terrorist attacks, Poindexter resigned from office on 29 August.<ref name= bamford>{{cite book| last = Bamford| first = James| title = The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America| publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group | date = 14 October 2008| url = https://archive.org/details/shadowfactory00bamf| url-access = registration| isbn = 9780385528399}}</ref>

On September 30, 2003, Congress officially cut off TIA's funding and the Information Awareness Office (with the Senate voting unanimously against it)<ref>{{cite book| last = Solove| first = Daniel J.| title = Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff Between Privacy and Security| publisher = Yale University Press| date = 2011| url = https://archive.org/details/nothing_sol_2011_00_0769| url-access = registration| isbn = 9780300177251}}</ref> because of its unpopular perception by the general public and the media.<ref name="washtimes1"/><ref name= donohue258>{{cite book| last = Donohue| first = Laura K.| title = The Cost of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty| publisher = Cambridge University Press| date = 14 April 2008| pages = 258| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC| isbn = 9781139469579}}</ref> Senators [[Ron Wyden]] and [[Byron Dorgan]] led the effort.<ref name= schmitt>{{cite news| last= Eric| first= Schmitt| date= 1 August 2003| title= Poindexter Will Be Quitting Over Terrorism Betting Plan| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/01/politics/01POIN.html| newspaper = [[New York Times]]| location = Washington D.C.| access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref>

===After 2003===
Reports began to emerge in February 2006 that TIA's components had been transferred to the authority of the NSA. In the Department of Defense [[Appropriations bill (United States)|appropriations bill]] for the 2004 fiscal year, a classified annex provided the funding. It was stipulated that the technologies were limited for military or foreign intelligence purposes against non-U.S. citizens.<ref>Mark Williams Pontin. [http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/16741/ The Total Information Awareness Project Lives On], ''MIT Technology Review'', 26 April 2006, retrieved 16 June 2016</ref> Most of the original project goals and research findings were preserved, but the privacy protection mechanics were abandoned.<ref name= shorrock/><ref name="nytimesnsa"/>

====Topsail====
[[Genoa II]], which focused on collaboration between machines and humans, was renamed "Topsail" and handed over to the NSA's [[Advanced Research and Development Activity]], or ARDA (ARDA was later moved to the [[Director of National Intelligence]]'s control as the [[Disruptive Technologies Office]]). Tools from the program were used in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] and other parts of the [[War on Terror]].<ref name= harris2/> In October 2005, the [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] signed a $3.7 million contract for work on Topsail.<ref name= harris/> In early 2006 a spokesman for the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] said that Topsail was "in the process of being canceled due to lack of funds". When asked about Topsail in a [[United States Senate Intelligence Committee|Senate Intelligence Committee]] hearing that February, both [[National Intelligence Director]] [[John Negroponte]] and [[FBI Director]] [[Robert Mueller]] said they did not know the program's status. Negroponte's deputy, former [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA director]], [[Michael V. Hayden]], said, "I'd like to answer in closed session."<ref name= harris2/>

====Basketball====
The Information Awareness Prototype System was reclassified as "Basketball" and work on it continued by SAIC, supervised by ARDA. As late as September 2004, Basketball was fully funded by the government and being tested in a research center jointly run by ARDA and SAIC.<ref name= harris2>[http://shaneharris.com/magazinestories/tia-lives-on/ TIA Lives On], ''[[National Journal]]'', 23 February 2006, retrieved 14 June 2016</ref>