Editing Torture (section)

==Prevention==
{{Further|Committee for the Prevention of Torture|World Organisation Against Torture}}
[[File:Monumento Tortura Nunca Mais homenagem às vítimas da Ditadura Militar de 1964-1985 (Statues in Recife, Brazil) (52181323154).jpg|thumb|The [[Monument Tortura Nunca Mais|Torture Never Again Monument]] in Brazil features a naked man hanging in the [[pau de arara]] position.]]
Torture prevention is complicated both by lack of understanding about why torture occurs and by lack of application of what is known.{{sfn|Einolf|2023}} Torture proliferates in situations of [[incommunicado detention]].{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Thomson|Bernath|2020|p=472}} Because the risk of torture is highest directly after an arrest, procedural safeguards such as immediate access to a lawyer and notifying relatives of an arrest are the most effective ways of prevention.{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|pp=67–68}} Visits by independent monitoring bodies to detention sites can also help reduce torture.{{sfn|Thomson|Bernath|2020|pp=482–483}} Legal changes that are not implemented in practice have little effect on the incidence of torture.{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|p=52}} Legal changes can be particularly ineffective in places where the law has limited legitimacy or is routinely ignored.{{sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020|p=65}}

Sociologically torture operates as a [[subculture]], frustrating prevention efforts because torturers can find a way around rules.{{sfn|Rejali|2020|p=101}} Safeguards against torture in detention can be evaded by beating suspects during round-ups or on the way to the police station.{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Kelly|2019|p=4}} General training of police to improve their ability to investigate crime has been more effective at reducing torture than specific training focused on human rights.{{sfn|Thomson|Bernath|2020|p=488}}{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|pp=79–80}} Institutional police reforms have been effective when abuse is systematic.{{sfn|Carver|Handley|2016|p=80}}{{sfn|Kelly|2019|p=8}} Political scientist [[Darius Rejali]] criticizes torture prevention research for not figuring out "what to do when people are bad; institutions broken, understaffed, and corrupt; and habitual serial violence is routine".{{sfn|Rejali|2020|p=102}}