Editing Tin (section)

==Applications==
[[File:tinConsChart.jpg|thumb|right|World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006]]
In 2018, just under half of all tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze alloys, and niche uses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mining.com/tin-demand-to-decline-ita/ |title=Tin demand to decline – International Tin Association |website=Mining.com |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=3 July 2021 }}</ref>

===Pigments===

Pigment Yellow 38, [[tin(IV) sulfide]], is known as [[mosaic gold]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY38 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref>

[[Purple of Cassius]], Pigment Red 109, a hydrous double stannate of [[gold]], was mainly, in terms of painting, restricted to miniatures due to its high cost. It was widely used to make [[cranberry glass]]. It has also been used in the arts to stain [[porcelain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR109 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref>

[[Lead-tin yellow]] (which occurs in two yellow forms — a [[stannate]] and a [[silicate]]) was a [[pigment]] that was historically highly important for [[oil painting]] and which had some use in [[fresco]] in its silicate form.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html|access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> [[Lead]] stannate is also known in orange form but has not seen wide use in the fine arts. It is available for purchase in pigment form from specialist artists' suppliers. There is another minor form, in terms of artistic usage and availability, of lead-tin yellow known as Lead-tin [[Antimony]] Yellow.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

[[Cerulean]] blue, a somewhat dull [[cyan]] chemically known as [[cobalt]] stannate, continues to be an important artists' pigment. Its [[hue]] is similar to that of [[Manganese]] blue, Pigment Blue 33, although it lacks that pigment's [[colorfulness]] and is more opaque.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/blue.html#PB35 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Artists typically must choose between cobalt stannate and manganese blue imitations made with [[phthalocyanine]] blue green shade (Pigment Blue 15:3), as industrial production of manganese blue pigment ceased in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/blue.html#PB33 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Cerulean blue made with cobalt stannate, however, was popular with artists prior to the production of Manganese blue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-30 |title=Blue pigments |url=https://academicprojects.co.uk/blue-pigments/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Professional development courses, distance learning and consultancy |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hatch |first=Evie |date=2021-10-15 |title=Pigment Colour Index: Blue Pigments - Jackson's Art Blog |url=https://www.jacksonsart.com/blog/2021/10/15/pigment-colour-index-blue-pigments/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250108115045/https://www.jacksonsart.com/blog/2021/10/15/pigment-colour-index-blue-pigments/ |archive-date=2025-01-08 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=Jackson's Art Blog |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Pigment Red 233, commonly known as Pinkcolor or Potter's Pink and more precisely known as Chrome Tin Pink Sphene, is a historically important pigment in [[watercolor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR233 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> However, it has enjoyed a large resurgence in popularity due to Internet-based [[word-of-mouth]]. It is fully lightfast and chemically stable in both oil paints and watercolors. Other inorganic mixed metal complex pigments, produced via [[calcination]], often feature tin as a constituent. These pigments are known for their [[lightfastness]], weatherfastness, chemical stability, lack of toxicity, and [[opacity]]. Many are rather dull in terms of colorfulness. However, some possess enough colorfulness to be competitive for use cases that require more than a moderate amount of it. Some are prized for other qualities. For instance, Pinkcolor is chosen by many watercolorists for its strong [[granulation]], even though its chroma is low. Recently, NTP Yellow (a [[pyrochlore]]) has been brought to market as a non-toxic replacement for [[lead(II) chromate]] with greater opacity, lightfastness, and weathering resistance than proposed organic lead chromate replacement pigments possess.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY227 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> NTP Yellow possesses the highest level of color saturation of these contemporary inorganic mixed metal complex pigments. More examples of this group include Pigment Yellow 158 (Tin Vanadium Yellow [[Cassiterite]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY158 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Yellow 216 (Solaplex Yellow),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY216 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Yellow 219 ([[Titanium]] [[Zinc]] [[Antimony]] Stannate),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY219 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Orange 82 (Tin Titanium Zinc oxide, also known as Sicopal Orange),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Orange – PO |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/orange.html#PO82 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Red 121 (also known as Tin Violet and [[Chromium]] stannate),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR121 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Red 230 (Chrome Alumina Pink [[Corundum]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR230 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Pigment Red 236 (Chrome Tin Orchid [[Cassiterite]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#PR236 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> and Pigment Black 23 (Tin Antimony Grey Cassiterite).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Black – PBk |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/black.html#PBk23 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> Another blue pigment with tin and cobalt is Pigment Blue 81, Cobalt Tin Alumina Blue [[Spinel]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Pigment White 15, tin(IV) oxide, is used for its [[iridescence]], most commonly as a [[ceramic glaze]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment White – PW |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/white.html#PW15 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref> There are no green pigments that have been used by artists that have tin as a constituent and purplish pigments with tin are classified as red, according to the [[Colour Index International]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Solder===
[[File:Ex Lead freesolder.jpg|thumb|left|A coil of lead-free [[solder]] wire]]
Tin has long been used in alloys with lead as [[solder]], in amounts of 5 to 70% w/w. Tin with lead forms a [[eutectic system|eutectic mixture]] at the weight proportion of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead (the atomic proportion: 73.9% tin and 26.1% lead), with melting temperature of 183&nbsp;°C (361.4&nbsp;°F). Such solders are primarily used for joining [[plumbing|pipes]] or [[electric circuit]]s. Since the European Union [[Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive]] (WEEE Directive) and [[Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive]] came into effect on 1 July 2006, the lead content in such alloys has decreased. While lead exposure is associated with [[Lead poisoning|serious health problems]], lead-free solder is not without its challenges, including a higher melting point, and the formation of [[Whisker (metallurgy)|tin whiskers]] that cause electrical problems. [[Tin pest]] can occur in lead-free solders, leading to loss of the soldered joint. Replacement alloys are being found, but the problems of joint integrity remain.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1289/ehp.113-a682| author = Black, Harvey|title = Getting the Lead Out of Electronics| journal = Environmental Health Perspectives|volume = 113|issue = 10|date = 2005| pmid = 16203230| pages = A682–5| pmc = 1281311}}</ref> A common lead-free alloy is 99% tin, 0.7% copper, and 0.3% silver, with melting temperature of 217&nbsp;°C (422.6&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web |title=Technical data Sheet - Lead free alloy |url=https://docs.rs-online.com/e39d/0900766b81072bac.pdf |website=RS Online |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

===Tin plating===
[[File:Inside of a tin platted can.jpg|thumb|Tin plated metal from a [[Tin can|can]]]]
Tin bonds readily to [[iron]] and is used for coating [[lead]], zinc, and steel to prevent corrosion. [[Tin plating|Tin-plated]] (or tinned) steel containers are widely used for [[food preservation]], and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. A tinplate canister for preserving food was first manufactured in London in 1812.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Childs |first= Peter |date= July 1995 |title= The tin-man's tale |url= http://pubs.rsc.org/historical-collection/products/EIC#!issueid=EIC-1995-32-4 |url-access=subscription |magazine= [[Education in Chemistry]] |volume= 32 |issue= 4 |page= 92 |publisher= [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |access-date= 19 June 2018 }}</ref><!-- http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2006/02/09/a-canned-history-of-tinned-food-115875-16682285/ https://books.google.com/books?id=EmJRAAAAMAAJ Page 59 https://books.google.com/books?id=qz8rAAAAYAAJ --> Speakers of British English call such containers "tins", while speakers of U.S. English call them "[[tin cans|cans]]" or "tin cans". One derivation of such use is the slang term "[[tinnie]]" or "tinny", meaning "can of beer" in Australia. The [[tin whistle]] is so called because it was mass-produced first in tin-plated steel.<ref>{{cite book | url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ|page=13}} | pages = 10–15 | title = Tin Under Control | isbn = 978-0-8047-2136-3 | last1 = Control | first1 = Tin Under | date = 1945 | publisher = Stanford University Press | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160531012725/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13 | archive-date = 2016-05-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=IpuaAAAAIAAJ|page=10}} | pages = 10–22 | title = Trends in the use of tin | author1 = Panel On Tin, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Technical Aspects of Critical and Strategic Materials | date = 1970 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522102214/https://books.google.com/books?id=qz8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10 | archive-date = 2016-05-22 }}</ref>

Copper cooking vessels such as saucepans and frying pans are frequently lined with a thin plating of tin, by [[electroplating]] or by [[Kalai (process)|traditional chemical]] methods, since use of [[Copper toxicity|copper cookware with acidic foods]] can be toxic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooking utensils and nutrition Information {{!}} Mount Sinai - New York |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/nutrition/cooking-utensils-and-nutrition#:~:text=The%20FDA%20also%20warns%20against,acidic%20foods,%20causing%20copper%20toxicity. |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Mount Sinai Health System |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali Sultan |first1=Saif Ali |last2=Ahmed Khan |first2=Fawad |last3=Wahab |first3=Abdul |last4=Fatima |first4=Batool |last5=Khalid |first5=Hira |last6=Bahader |first6=Ali |last7=Safi |first7=Sher Zaman |last8=Selvaraj |first8=Chandrabose |last9=Ali |first9=Abid |last10=Alomar |first10=Suliman Yousef |last11=Imran |first11=Muhammad |date=2023-07-24 |title=Assessing Leaching of Potentially Hazardous Elements from Cookware during Cooking: A Serious Public Health Concern |journal=Toxics |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=640 |doi=10.3390/toxics11070640 |doi-access=free |issn=2305-6304 |pmc=10386729 |pmid=37505605}}</ref>

===Specialized alloys===
[[File:Plate_MET_174927.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pewter]] plate]]
[[File:Alfonso Santiago Leyva and his son Tomás working.jpg|thumb|Artisans working with tin sheets]]

Tin in combination with other elements forms a wide variety of useful alloys. Tin is most commonly alloyed with copper. [[Pewter]] is 85–99% tin,<ref>{{cite book|last = Hull|first = Charles|title = Pewter|publisher = Osprey Publishing|date = 1992|isbn = 978-0-7478-0152-8|pages = 1–5}}</ref> and [[Babbitt metal|bearing metal]] has a high percentage of tin as well.<ref>{{cite book|chapter = Introduction|pages = 1–2|isbn = 978-1-110-11092-6|chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=hZ3zGS6by9UC}}|title=Analysis of Babbit|author=Brakes, James|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|date=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages = 46–47|isbn = 978-1-4067-4671-6|url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=KR82QRlAgUwC|page=46}}|title=Principles of Metallography|author=Williams, Robert S.|publisher=Read books|date=2007}}</ref> [[Bronze]] is mostly copper with 12% tin, while the addition of [[phosphorus]] yields [[phosphor bronze]]. [[Bell metal]] is also a copper–tin alloy, containing 22% tin. Tin has sometimes been used in coinage; it once formed a single-digit percentage (usually five percent or less) of American<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/fun_facts/?action=fun_facts2 | publisher = US Mint | access-date = 2011-10-28 | title = The Composition of the Cent | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025203152/http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/fun_facts/?action=fun_facts2 | archive-date = 2011-10-25}}</ref> and Canadian<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bcscta.ca/resources/hebden/chem/Coin%20Compositions.pdf | publisher = Canadian Mint | access-date = 2011-10-28 | title = Composition of canadian coins | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113112752/http://www.bcscta.ca/resources/hebden/chem/Coin%20Compositions.pdf | archive-date = 2012-01-13 }}</ref> pennies. <!--Because copper is often the major metal in such coins, sometimes including zinc, these could be called bronze, or brass alloys.-->

The [[niobium]]–tin compound [[Niobium–tin|Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn]] is commercially used in [[Electromagnetic coil|coils]] of [[superconducting magnet]]s for its high [[critical temperature#In Superconductivity|critical temperature]] (18&nbsp;K) and critical magnetic field (25&nbsp;[[Tesla (unit)|T]]). A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two [[kilogram]]s is capable of producing the magnetic field of a conventional [[electromagnet]] weighing tons.<ref name="geballe">{{cite journal|last=Geballe|first=Theodore H.|title=Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology|journal=Physics Today|volume=46|issue=10|date=October 1993|pages=52–56|doi=10.1063/1.881384 |bibcode = 1993PhT....46j..52G }}</ref>

A small percentage of tin is added to [[zirconium alloy]]s for the cladding of nuclear fuel.<ref>{{cite book| chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=6VdROgeQ5M8C|page=597}}| page =597| chapter =Zirconium| title =Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys| isbn =978-0-87170-867-0| last1 =Campbell| first1 =Flake C.| date =2008| publisher =ASM International| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212426/https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&pg=PA597| archive-date =2016-05-28}}</ref>

Most metal pipes in a [[pipe organ]] are of a tin/lead alloy, with 50/50 as the most common composition. The proportion of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin has a desirable tonal resonance. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead phase solidifies first, then when the eutectic temperature is reached, the remaining liquid forms the layered tin/lead eutectic structure, which is shiny; contrast with the lead phase produces a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal. Major advantages of using tin for pipes include its appearance, workability, and resistance to corrosion.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=cgDJaeFFUPoC|page=426}}|isbn = 978-0-415-94174-7|page = [https://archive.org/details/organencyclopedi0000unse/page/411 411]|chapter = Pipe Metal|editor = Robert Palmieri|date = 2006|publisher = Garland|location = New York|title = Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments|url = https://archive.org/details/organencyclopedi0000unse/page/411}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=I0h525OVoTgC|page=501}}|page=[https://archive.org/details/artoforganbuildi00auds/page/501 501]|title=The Art of Organ Building Audsley, George Ashdown|isbn=978-0-486-21315-6|chapter=Metal Pipes: And the Materials used in their Construction|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|date=1988|author=George Ashdown Audsley|url=https://archive.org/details/artoforganbuildi00auds/page/501}}</ref><!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=aU6giw-OdyUC&pg=PA32-->

=== Manufacturing of chemicals ===
Tin compounds are used in the production of various chemicals, including stabilizers for PVC and catalysts for industrial processes. Tin in form of ingots provide the raw material necessary for these chemical reactions, ensuring consistent quality and performance.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Optoelectronics ===
The [[Indium tin oxide|oxides of indium and tin]] are electrically conductive and transparent, and are used to make transparent electrically conducting films with applications in [[optoelectronics]] devices such as [[liquid crystal displays]].<ref name="Kimetal">{{cite journal|author1=Kim, H. |author2=Gilmore, C. |author3=Pique, A. |author4=Horwitz, J. |author5=Mattoussi, H. |author-link5=Hedi Mattoussi |author6=Murata, H. |author7=Kafafi, Z. |author8=Chrisey, D. |year=1999 |title=Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indium tin oxide thin films for organic light-emitting devices|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=86|issue=11|pages=6451|doi=10.1063/1.371708|bibcode=1999JAP....86.6451K}}</ref>

=== Other applications ===
[[File:Punched tin barn lantern.jpeg|thumb|upright|A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin<!--Barn lanterns were placed over candles and oil lamps to reduce fire hazard when inside barns, and were in use up until the mid-20th century by some farmers.-->]]
Punched tin-plated steel, also called pierced tin, is an artisan technique originating in central Europe for creating functional and decorative housewares. Decorative piercing designs exist in a wide variety, based on local tradition and the artisan. Punched tin lanterns are the most common application of this artisan technique. The light of a candle shining through the pierced design creates a decorative light pattern in the room where it sits. Lanterns and other punched tin articles were created in the New World from the earliest European settlement. A well-known example is the Revere lantern, named after [[Paul Revere]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/makingdecorating0000brid | url-access = registration | title = Making & decorating picture frames | publisher = North Light Books | isbn = 978-0-89134-739-2 | last1 = Bridge | first1 = Janet | date = September 1996 }}</ref>

In America, [[pie safe]]s and food safes were in use in the days before refrigeration. These were wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes – either floor standing or hanging cupboards meant to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs. These cabinets had tinplate inserts in the doors and sometimes in the sides, punched out by the homeowner, cabinetmaker, or a tinsmith in varying designs to allow for air circulation while excluding flies. Modern reproductions of these articles remain popular in North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tin punching|url=http://www.piercedtin.com/about-us.htm|access-date=August 15, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811010659/http://www.piercedtin.com/about-us.htm|archive-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

Window glass is most often made by floating molten [[glass]] on molten tin ([[float glass]]), resulting in a flat and flawless surface. This is also called the "[[Pilkington process]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title = Review Lecture. The Float Glass Process.|first = L. A. B.|last = Pilkington|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume = 314|issue = 1516|pages = 1–25|date = 1969|doi = 10.1098/rspa.1969.0212|jstor = 2416528|bibcode = 1969RSPSA.314....1P |s2cid = 109981215}}</ref>

Tin is used as a negative electrode in advanced [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion batteries]]. Its application is somewhat limited by the fact that some tin surfaces{{which|date=June 2013}} catalyze decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes|journal=Electrochemistry Communications|volume= 13|issue =11|date=2011|pages =1271–1275|doi=10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026|last1=Lucas|first1=Ivan T.|last2=Syzdek|first2=Jarosław|last3=Kostecki|first3=Robert}}</ref>

[[Tin(II) fluoride]] is added to some dental care products<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Products/FromTheDentist/GelKamStannousFluorideGel.cvsp| title = Colgate Gel-Kam| access-date = 2009-05-05| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427101229/http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Products/FromTheDentist/GelKamStannousFluorideGel.cvsp| archive-date = 2009-04-27}}</ref> as [[stannous fluoride]] (SnF<sub>2</sub>). Tin(II) fluoride can be mixed with [[calcium]] abrasives while the more common [[sodium fluoride]] gradually becomes biologically inactive in the presence of calcium compounds.<ref>{{cite journal|date=April 1989|journal = Journal of Dentistry|volume = 17|issue = 2|pages = 47–54|pmid = 2732364|title = The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes|doi = 10.1016/0300-5712(89)90129-2|last = Hattab|first = F.}}</ref> It has also been shown to be more effective than [[sodium fluoride]] in controlling [[gingivitis]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=1995|journal = The Journal of Clinical Dentistry|volume = 6|issue = Special Issue|pages = 54–58|pmid = 8593194|title = The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study|last1=Perlich|first1=M. A.|last2=Bacca|first2=L. A.|last3=Bollmer|first3=B. W.|last4=Lanzalaco|first4=A. C.|last5=McClanahan|first5=S. F.|last6=Sewak|first6=L. K.|last7=Beiswanger|first7=B. B.|last8=Eichold|first8=W. A.|last9=Hull|first9=J. R.|last10=Jackson |first10=R. D.|display-authors=9}}</ref>

Tin is used as a target to create laser-induced [[Plasma (physics)|plasmas]] that act as the light source for [[extreme ultraviolet lithography]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Oscar O. |last=Versolato |title=Physics of laser-driven tin plasma sources of EUV radiation for nanolithography |journal=[[Plasma Sources Science and Technology]] |year=2019 |doi=10.1088/1361-6595/ab3302 |volume=28 |issue=8|bibcode=2019PSST...28h3001V }}</ref>

===Organotin compounds===
{{Main|Organotin chemistry}}
Organotin compounds are [[organometallic compounds]] containing tin–carbon bonds. Worldwide industrial production of organotin compounds likely exceeds 50,000 [[tonne]]s.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=lAm5e1YVnm4C|page=144}} | page = 144 | chapter = Organotin in Industrial and Domestic Products | title = Trace element speciation for environment, food and health | isbn = 978-0-85404-459-7 | last1 = Ebdon | first1 = L. | last2 = Britain) | first2 = Royal Society of Chemistry (Great | date = 2001 | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160521055409/https://books.google.com/books?id=lAm5e1YVnm4C&pg=PA144 | archive-date = 2016-05-21 }}</ref>

====PVC stabilizers====
The major commercial application of organotin compounds is in the stabilization of [[PVC]] plastics. In the absence of such stabilizers, PVC would rapidly degrade under heat, light, and atmospheric oxygen, resulting in discolored, brittle products. Tin scavenges labile [[chloride]] ions (Cl<sup>−</sup>), which would otherwise strip HCl from the plastic material.<ref name="Atkins">{{cite book|pages=343, 345|isbn=978-0-7167-4878-6|title=Inorganic chemistry|author=Atkins, Peter|author2=Shriver, Duward F.|author3=Overton, Tina|author4=Rourke, Jonathan|name-list-style=amp|edition=4th|publisher=W.H. Freeman|date=2006}}</ref> Typical tin compounds are carboxylic acid derivatives of dibutyltin dichloride, such as [[dibutyltin dilaurate]].<ref>{{cite book | url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=YUkJNI9QYsUC|page=108}} | page = 108 | title = PVC handbook | isbn = 978-1-56990-379-7 | last1 = Wilkes | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Summers | first2 = James W. | last3 = Daniels | first3 = Charles Anthony | last4 = Berard | first4 = Mark T. | date = August 2005 | publisher = Hanser | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509212043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YUkJNI9QYsUC&pg=PA108 | archive-date = 2016-05-09 }}</ref>

====Biocides====
Some organotin compounds are relatively toxic, with both advantages and problems. They are used for [[biocide|biocidal properties]] as [[fungicide]]s, [[pesticide]]s, [[algaecide]]s, [[wood preservative]]s, and [[antifouling agent]]s.<ref name="Atkins" /> [[Tributyltin oxide]] is used as a [[wood preservative]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=pKiTzbEDy1QC|page=799}} | page = 799 | isbn = 978-0-8247-0024-9 | chapter = Preservation of Wood | editor =David N.-S. Hon | editor2 =Nobuo Shiraishi | date = 2001 | publisher = Dekker | location = New York, NY | title = Wood and cellulosic chemistry}}</ref> [[Tributyltin]] is used for various industrial purposes such as slime control in paper mills and disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antizar-Ladislao|first=Blanca|date=2008-02-01|title=Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A review|journal=Environment International|volume=34|issue=2|pages=292–308|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.005|pmid=17959247|bibcode=2008EnInt..34..292A }}</ref> Tributyltin was used as additive for ship paint to prevent growth of [[Marine organisms|fouling organisms]] on ships, with use declining after organotin compounds were recognized as [[persistent organic pollutants]] with high toxicity for some marine organisms (the [[dog whelk]], for example).<ref>{{cite web|title = Tin Hazards To Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review|first = Ronald|last = Eisler|publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patuxent Wildlife Research Center|url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA322822.pdf|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118204159/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA322822&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|archive-date = 2012-01-18}}</ref> The EU banned the use of organotin compounds in 2003,<ref>{{cite web| website= europa.eu| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:115:0001:0011:EN:PDF|title = Regulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships| access-date = 2009-05-05}}</ref><!--doi 10.1007/s10661-008-0294-6 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14491409 --> while concerns over the toxicity of these compounds to marine life and damage to the reproduction and growth of some marine species<ref name="Atkins" /> (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 [[nanogram]] per liter) have led to a worldwide ban by the [[International Maritime Organization]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=pERX3gKmFy4C|page=227}} | isbn = 978-1-4051-6926-4 | page = 227 | chapter = Fouling on Shipping | editor = Dürr, Simone | editor2 = Thomason, Jeremy | date = 2008 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford | title = Biofouling}}</ref> Many nations now restrict the use of organotin compounds to vessels greater than {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Atkins" /> The persistence of tributyltin in the aquatic environment is dependent upon the nature of the ecosystem.<ref name="Maguire 1987 475–498">{{Cite journal|last=Maguire|first=R. James|date=1987|title=Environmental aspects of tributyltin|journal=Applied Organometallic Chemistry|volume=1|issue=6|pages=475–498|doi=10.1002/aoc.590010602}}</ref> Because of this persistence and its use as an additive in ship paint, high concentrations of tributyltin have been found in marine sediments located near naval docks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Mora|first1=S. J.|last2=Stewart|first2=C.|last3=Phillips|first3=D.|date=1995-01-01|title=Sources and rate of degradation of tri(n-butyl)tin in marine sediments near Auckland, New Zealand|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=30|issue=1|pages=50–57|doi=10.1016/0025-326X(94)00178-C|bibcode=1995MarPB..30...50D }}</ref> Tributyltin has been used as a biomarker for [[imposex]] in [[Neogastropoda|neogastropods]], with at least 82 known species.<ref name="Axiak 743–749">{{Cite journal|last1=Axiak|first1=Victor|last2=Micallef|first2=Diane|last3=Muscat|first3=Joanne|last4=Vella|first4=Alfred|last5=Mintoff|first5=Bernardette|date=2003-03-01|title=Imposex as a biomonitoring tool for marine pollution by tributyltin: some further observations|journal=Environment International|series=Secotox S.I.|volume=28|issue=8|pages=743–749|doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00119-8|pmid=12605923|bibcode=2003EnInt..28..743A }}</ref> With the high levels of TBT in the local inshore areas, due to shipping activities, the shellfish had an adverse effect.<ref name="Maguire 1987 475–498" /> Imposex is the imposition of male sexual characteristics on female specimens where they grow a penis and a pallial [[vas deferens]].<ref name="Axiak 743–749" /><ref name="sciencebuzz.com">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-17|title=The Effects of Tributyltin on the Marine Environment|url=https://www.sciencebuzz.com/the-effects-of-tributyltin-on-the-marine-environment/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=ScienceBuzz|archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103441/https://www.sciencebuzz.com/the-effects-of-tributyltin-on-the-marine-environment/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A high level of TBT can damage mammalian [[endocrine glands]], [[Reproductive system|reproductive]] and [[central nervous system]]s, bone structure and [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name="sciencebuzz.com" /> Tributyltin also affect mammals, Including sea otters, whales, dolphins, and humans.<ref name="sciencebuzz.com" />

====Organic chemistry====
Some tin [[reagent]]s are useful in [[organic chemistry]]. In the largest application, stannous chloride is a common reducing agent for the conversion of [[nitro compound|nitro]] and [[oxime]] groups to [[amine]]s. The [[Stille reaction]] couples organotin compounds with organic [[halide]]s or [[pseudohalogen|pseudohalides]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0471264180.or050.01 |chapter=The Stille Reaction |title=Organic Reactions |pages=1–652 |year=1997 |last1=Farina |first1=Vittorio |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=Venkat |last3=Scott |first3=William J. |isbn=0-471-26418-0 }}</ref>

====Li-ion batteries====
{{main|Lithium-ion battery}}
Tin forms several inter-metallic phases with lithium metal, making it a potentially attractive material for battery applications. Large volumetric expansion of tin upon alloying with lithium and instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface at low electrochemical potentials are the greatest challenges to employment in commercial cells.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mou |first1=Haoyi |last2=Xiao |first2=Wei |last3=Miao |first3=Chang |last4=Li |first4=Rui |last5=Yu |first5=Liming |date=2020 |title=Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Chemistry |volume=8 |pages=141 |doi=10.3389/fchem.2020.00141 |pmc=7096543 |pmid=32266205|bibcode=2020FrCh....8..141M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Tin inter-metallic compound with cobalt and carbon was implemented by [[Sony]] in its Nexelion cells released in the late 2000s. The composition of the active material is approximately Sn<sub>0.3</sub>Co<sub>0.4</sub>C<sub>0.3</sub>. Research showed that only some crystalline facets of tetragonal (beta) Sn are responsible for undesirable electrochemical activity.<ref>{{cite journal|first1 = Ivan|title = Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes|journal = Electrochemistry Communications|last1 = Lucas|last2=Syzdek|first2=Jaroslaw|date = 2011|doi = 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026|volume = 13|issue = 11|page = 1271}}</ref>