Editing Thrombosis (section)

==Causes==
Thrombosis prevention is initiated with assessing the risk for its development. [[ThroLy score|Some people have a higher risk]] of developing thrombosis and its possible development into [[thromboembolism]].{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}} Some of these risk factors are related to [[inflammation]].

"[[Virchow's triad]]" has been suggested to describe the three factors necessary for the formation of thrombosis:
* [[Hemodynamic|hemodynamic changes]] (blood stasis or turbulence),
* vessel wall ([[endothelial]]) injury/dysfunction, and
* altered blood coagulation ([[hypercoagulability]]).{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=306}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=874}}

Some risk factors predispose for venous thrombosis while others increase the risk of arterial thrombosis.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Newborn babies in the neonatal period are also at risk of a thromboembolism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Romantsik|first1=Olga|last2=Bruschettini|first2=Matteo|last3=Zappettini|first3=Simona|last4=Ramenghi|first4=Luca Antonio|last5=Calevo|first5=Maria Grazia|date=November 7, 2016|title=Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|issue=11 |pages=CD012185|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012185.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6464761|pmid=27820879}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Risk factors for thrombosis
! Factor !! Notes !! References
|-
| Previous episodes of thrombosis||  ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=306}}
|-
| [[Vasoconstriction]] ||  ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| Slow or turbulent blood flow ||  slow flow is modifiable with exercise ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| Stroke ||  ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}
|-
| Heart failure ||  ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}
|-
| Sedentary life style || modifiable  ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| Plaster cast || transient ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}
|-
|[[Dehydration]] || modifiable ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| Acute respiratory failure ||  ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}
|-
| [[Cardiac dysrhythmia|Dysrhythmia]]s ||  ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| [[Shock (circulatory)|Shock]] ||  ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
| [[Obesity]]|| modifiable ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}{{sfn|Abele|2014|page=}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=329}}
|-
| Pregnancy and the post-partum period  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=329}}
|-
| [[Varicose veins]] ||  ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Surgery  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Major trauma|Trauma]]  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Estrogen-based [[oral contraceptive]]   || discontinuation reduces risk  ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
|[[Hormone replacement therapy]]   || discontinuation reduces risk ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Ovarian hyper-stimulation therapy to treat infertility   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Compression of a vein or [[artery]] by abnormality, tumor, hematoma  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Long surgeries  ||   ||{{sfn|Abele|2014|page=}}
|-
| [[Transvenous pacing|Pacing wires]]  ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}<ref>{{cite web | title = Pacing wire | publisher= The Free Dictionary| url = http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pacing+wire | access-date = December 18, 2016  }}</ref>
|-
| Local vein damage, incompetent valves ||   ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=329}}
|-
| [[Central venous catheter]]s ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Kidney dialysis|Dialysis]] [[catheter]]s   ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Repetitive motion injury]]   ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Immobility  || modifiable risk ||{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Spinal cord injury]]  ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Age ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}{{sfn|Moliterno|2013|page=307}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Cancer]]s  ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Sepsis]]  ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Polycythemia]]   ||   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Protein C]] and/or [[Protein S|S]] deficiency  ||  congenital; associated with [[Warfarin necrosis]] ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
|[[Antiphospholipid syndrome|Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]   ||  altered coagulation ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Factor V Leiden]] defect   || altered coagulation  ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Prothrombin G20210A]] defect   || altered coagulation  ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Elevated [[PAI-1]]  || inhibits physiological breakdown of [[thrombus|blood clots]]  ||  <ref name="pmid16102055">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaughan DE | title = PAI-1 and atherothrombosis | journal = Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | pages = 1879–83 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16102055 | doi = 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01420.x | s2cid = 6651339 | doi-access =  }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]  || altered coagulation  ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Elevated [[thrombin|factors II]], [[Factor VIII|VIII]], [[Factor IX|IX]], [[Factor XI|XI]]  || altered coagulation  ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]  || altered coagulation  ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=875}}
|-
| Falls and hip fracture  || related to immobility   ||{{sfn|Brunner|2010|page=876}}
|-
| Selective estrogen-receptor modulators  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| [[Erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agents  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Acute medical illness   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Nephrotic syndrome   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
|Myeloproliferative disorders   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
|Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinnuria   ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| [[Thrombophilia]]s  ||   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy  || discontinuation reduces risk   ||{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|page=960}}
|-
| Right heart failure   ||   ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=329}}
|-
| Venous inflammation/phlebitis || when a thrombus forms, it is [[thrombophlebitis]] ||{{sfn|Copstead|2013|page=320}}
|-
|Ambient air pollution
|thought to be related to inflammation
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Andrew F. W.|last2=Zheng|first2=Huili|last3=De Silva|first3=Deidre A.|last4=Wah|first4=Win|last5=Earnest|first5=Arul|last6=Pang|first6=Yee H.|last7=Xie|first7=Zhenjia|last8=Pek|first8=Pin P.|last9=Liu|first9=Nan|date=November 2018|title=The Relationship Between Ambient Air Pollution and Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study in a City-State With Seasonal Exposure to the Southeast Asian Haze Problem|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=72|issue=5|pages=591–601|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.037|issn=1097-6760|pmid=30172448|s2cid=52144033}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Andrew Fu Wah|last2=Zheng|first2=Huili|last3=Earnest|first3=Arul|last4=Cheong|first4=Kang Hao|last5=Pek|first5=Pin Pin|last6=Seok|first6=Jeon Young|last7=Liu|first7=Nan|last8=Kwan|first8=Yu Heng|last9=Tan|first9=Jack Wei Chieh|date=March 19, 2019|title=Time-Stratified Case Crossover Study of the Association of Outdoor Ambient Air Pollution With the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Context of Seasonal Exposure to the Southeast Asian Haze Problem|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e011272|doi=10.1161/JAHA.118.011272|pmid=31112443|issn=2047-9980|pmc=6475051}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Andrew Fu Wah|last2=Wah|first2=Win|last3=Earnest|first3=Arul|last4=Ng|first4=Yih Yng|last5=Xie|first5=Zhenjia|last6=Shahidah|first6=Nur|last7=Yap|first7=Susan|last8=Pek|first8=Pin Pin|last9=Liu|first9=Nan|date=November 15, 2018|title=Health impacts of the Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-stratified case crossover study of the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in Singapore|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=271|pages=352–358|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070|issn=1874-1754|pmid=30223374|s2cid=52282745 }}</ref>
|}