Editing Tariff (section)

==Modern tariff practices==
===Russia===
The Russian Federation adopted more protectionist trade measures in 2013 than any other country, making it the world leader in protectionism. It alone introduced 20% of protectionist measures worldwide and one-third of measures in the G20 countries. Russia's protectionist policies include tariff measures, import restrictions, sanitary measures, and direct subsidies to local companies. For example, the government supported several economic sectors such as agriculture, space, automotive, electronics, chemistry, and energy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/10/russia-leads-the-world-in-protectionist-trade-measures-study-says-30882-a30882 |title=Russia Leads the World in Protectionist Trade Measures, Study Says |date=10 January 2014 |website=The Moscow Times |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414073743/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/10/russia-leads-the-world-in-protectionist-trade-measures-study-says-30882-a30882 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trade-protectionism-idUSBRE9BT0GP20131230 |title=Russia was most protectionist nation in 2013: study |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=Reuters |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004939/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trade-protectionism-idUSBRE9BT0GP20131230 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
From 2017, as part of the promotion of its "[[Make in India]]" programme<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makeinindia.com/home |title=Home – Make In India |website=makeinindia.com |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330222347/http://www.makeinindia.com/home |url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate and protect domestic manufacturing industry and to combat current account deficits, India has introduced tariffs on several electronic products and "non-essential items". This concerns items imported from countries such as China and South Korea. For example, India's national solar energy programme favours domestic producers by requiring the use of Indian-made solar cells.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/import-duty-hike-on-consumer-durables-%E2%80%98make-in-india%E2%80%99-drive-to-get-a-boost-117121900244_1.html |title=Import duty hike on consumer durables, 'Make in India' drive to get a boost |website=indiainfoline.com |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414073743/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/import-duty-hike-on-consumer-durables-%25E2%2580%2598make-in-india%25E2%2580%2599-drive-to-get-a-boost-117121900244_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-textiles-idUSKBN1KS17F |title=India doubles import tax on textile products, may hit China |date=7 August 2018 |access-date=14 April 2019 |publisher=Reuters |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418094249/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-textiles-idUSKBN1KS17F |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-import-tax-idUSKCN1ML2QB |title=India to raise import tariffs on electronic and communication items |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=14 April 2019 |publisher=Reuters |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418112100/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-import-tax-idUSKCN1ML2QB |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Armenia===
[[Armenia]] established its custom service in 1992 after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. When Armenia became a member of the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]], it was given access to the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] in 2015; this resulted in mostly tariff-free trade with other members and an increased number of import tariffs from outside of the customs union. Armenia does not currently have export taxes. In addition, it does not declare temporary imports duties and credit on government imports or pursuant to other international assistance imports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Armenia-import-tariffs |title=Armenia – Import Tariffs |publisher=export.gov |date=2015-01-02 |access-date=2019-10-07 |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913033813/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Armenia-import-tariffs |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon joining Eurasian Economic Union in 2015, led by Russians, [[Armenia]] applied tariffs on its imports at a rate 0–10 percent. This rate has increased over the years, since in 2009 it was around three percent. Moreover, the tariffs increased significantly on agricultural products rather than on non-agricultural products.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-import-tariffs |title=Armenia – Country Commercial Guide – Import Tariffs |publisher=trade.gov |date=2022-07-31 |access-date=2021-12-05 |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228060939/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-import-tariffs |url-status=live}}</ref> Armenia has committed to ultimately adopting the EAEU's uniform tariff schedule as part of its EAEU admission. Until 2022, Armenia was authorised to apply non-EAEU tariff rates, according to Decision No. 113. Some beef, pork, poultry, and dairy products; seed potatoes and peas; olives; fresh and dried fruits; some tea items; cereals, especially wheat and rice; starches, vegetable oils, margarine; some prepared food items, such as infant food; pet food; tobacco; glycerol; and gelatin are included in the list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Договор от 10.10.2014. Таможенные документы |trans-title=Contract dated 10.10.2014. Customs documents |url=https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/0007297/itia_11102014 |website=eaeunion.org}}</ref>
Membership in the EAEU is forcing Armenia to apply stricter standardisation, sanitary, and phytosanitary requirements in line with EAEU{{snd}}and, by extension, Russian{{snd}}standards, regulations, and practices. Armenia has had to surrender control over many aspects of its foreign trade regime in the context of EAEU membership. Tariffs have also increased, granting protection to several domestic industries. Armenia is increasingly beholden to comply with EAEU standards and regulations as post-accession transition periods have, or will soon, end. All Armenian goods circulating in the territory of the EAEU must meet EAEU requirements following the end of relevant transition periods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-trade-barriers |title=Armenia – Trade Barriers |date=31 July 2022 |access-date=2022-12-05 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204062200/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-trade-barriers |url-status=live}}</ref>

Armenia became a WTO member in 2003, which resulted in the Most Favored Country (MFC) benefits from the organisation. Currently, the tariffs of 2.7% implemented in Armenia are the lowest in the entire framework. The country is also a member of the World Customs Organization (WCO), resulting in a harmonised system for tariff classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Import and Export Regime |url=https://investinarmenia.am/en/import-and-export-regime |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=investinarmenia.am |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107190513/https://investinarmenia.am/en/import-and-export-regime |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
In 2024, Switzerland abolished tariffs on industrial products imported into the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ggba.swiss/en/switzerland-to-abolish-industrial-tariffs-from-2024/ |title=Switzerland to abolish industrial tariffs from 2024 |author=Greater Geneva Bern area |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/switzerland-scraps-tariffs-industrial-product-imports-2024-01-02/ |title=Switzerland scraps tariffs on industrial product imports |publisher=Reuters |date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref> Using 2016 trade figures, the Swiss government estimated the move could have economic benefits of 860 million CHF per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-99580.html |title=Swiss industrial tariffs abolished |author=Federal Council (Switzerland) |date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Tariffs in the second Trump administration}}
In April 2025, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] of the [[United States]] announced a substantial increase in tariffs and a 10% base tariff on all imported products, resulting in the US trade-weighted average tariff rising from 2% to an estimated 24%,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2025 |title=Checks and Balance newsletter: The view as "Liberation Day" unfolded |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2025/04/05/checks-and-balance-newsletter-the-view-as-liberation-day-unfolded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250405141843/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2025/04/05/checks-and-balance-newsletter-the-view-as-liberation-day-unfolded |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> the highest level in over a century, including under the [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]] of 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnan |first=Shawn |date=31 March 2025 |title=Trump's Tariffs Set to Make History and Break a System MAGA Loathes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2025-03-31/trump-s-reciprocal-tariffs-risk-us-recession-trade-turmoil |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tully |first=Shawn |title=Are Trump's tariffs as bad as the Smoot-Hawley Act, which is blamed for deepening the Great Depression? They're actually worse |url=https://fortune.com/2025/04/03/smoot-hawley-act-tariffs-great-depression-trump/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>