Editing Succinic acid (section)

=== Transporters ===
Succinate requires specific transporters to move through both the mitochondrial and plasma membrane. Succinate exits the mitochondrial matrix and passes through the inner mitochondrial membrane via [[SLC25A10|dicarboxylate transporters]], primarily SLC25A10, a succinate-fumarate/malate transporter.<ref name=Fonseca2016rev>{{Cite journal|last1=de Castro Fonseca|first1=Matheus|last2=Aguiar|first2=Carla J.|last3=da Rocha Franco|first3=Joao Antônio|last4=Gingold|first4=Rafael N.|last5=Leite|first5=M. Fatima|date=2016-01-01|title=GPR91: expanding the frontiers of Krebs cycle intermediates|journal=Cell Communication and Signaling|volume=14|pages=3|doi=10.1186/s12964-016-0126-1|pmc=4709936|pmid=26759054 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the second step of mitochondrial export, succinate readily crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane through [[Porin (protein)|porins]], nonspecific protein channels that facilitate the diffusion of molecules less than 1.5 kDa.<ref name=Fonseca2016rev/> Transport across the plasma membrane is likely tissue specific. A key candidate transporter is [[Indy (gene)|INDY]] (I'm not dead yet), a sodium-independent anion exchanger, which moves both dicarboxylate and citrate into the bloodstream.<ref name=Fonseca2016rev/>
[[File:Snake diagram of GPR91.png|thumb|546x546px|Amino acid sequence of GPR91 (also termed SUCNR1). Succinate binds to GPR91, a 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor, located on a variety of cell types. Red amino acids represent those involved in binding succinate. All other amino acids are colored according to their chemical properties (grey=nonpolar, cyan=negative charge, dark blue = positive charge, green=aromatic, dark purple=polar and noncharged, orange/light purple = special cases).]]