Editing Stonehenge (section)

==Modern history==

===Archaeological research and restoration===
[[File:Stonehenge - Wiltonia sive Comitatus Wiltoniensis; Anglice Wilshire (Atlas van Loon).jpg|thumb|17th-century depiction of Stonehenge from the ''[[Atlas van Loon]]'']]

====1600–1900====
Throughout recorded history, Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from [[antiquarians]] and [[archaeologists]]. [[John Aubrey]] was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and, in his plan of the monument, he recorded the pits that now bear his name, the [[Aubrey holes]]. [[William Stukeley]] continued Aubrey's work in the early eighteenth century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the [[Druids]].<ref>Stukeley, William, 1740, ''Stonehenge A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids''. London</ref> Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named [[Disc barrow|Disc Barrows]] as Druids' Barrows.
 
[[File:Constable - Stonehenge, 1629-1888, 2006AK8142.jpg|thumb|left|As painted by [[John Constable]], 1835]]
The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect [[John Wood, the Elder|John Wood]] in 1740.<ref>Wood, John, 1747, ''Choir Guare, Vulgarly called Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain''. Oxford</ref> His original annotated survey has now been computer-redrawn and published.<ref name="Johnson, Anthony 2008">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Anthony |date=2008 |title=Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05155-9}}</ref>{{rp|195}} Importantly Wood's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greaney |first=Susan |date=2018-05-29 |title=Excavation and Restoration: Stonehenge in the 1950s and 60s |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/blog/blog-posts/excavation-restoration-stonehenge-1950s-60s/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=English Heritage}}</ref>

[[William Cunnington]] was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones, discovering charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. [[Richard Colt Hoare]] supported Cunnington's work and excavated some 379 barrows on [[Salisbury Plain]] including on some 200 in the area around the Stones, some excavated in conjunction with [[William Coxe (historian)|William Coxe]]. To alert future diggers to their work, they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened. Cunnington's finds are displayed at the [[Wiltshire Museum]]. In 1877, [[Charles Darwin]] dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth, for his book ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Stone 22 fell during a fierce storm on 31 December 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.silentearth.org/restorations-at-stonehenge-2/ |title=Silent Earth: Restorations at Stonehenge |website=www.silentearth.org |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135801/http://www.silentearth.org/restorations-at-stonehenge-2/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

[[File:stonehenge 1877.JPG|thumb|An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877]]
[[File:Stonehenge on 27.01.08.jpg|thumb|The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction]]
[[File:Stone Henge 1920 restoration - newspaperphoto.jpg|thumb|A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration]]

====1901–2000====
[[File:Stonehenge from the air - Philip Henry Sharpe (Royal Engineers) - 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Stonehenge from the air. Taken by 2nd Lt Philip Henry Sharpe in Summer 1906 from a [[Royal Engineers]]' [[tethered balloon]].]]

[[William Gowland]] oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901, which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position.<ref name="Johnson, Anthony 2008"/> Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration, [[William Hawley]], who had excavated nearby [[Old Sarum]], excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of [[port wine|port]] in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the [[Y and Z Holes]].<ref name="SiiL">{{cite web |last=Cleal |first=Rosamund |title=Y and Z holes |work=Archaeometry and Stonehenge |publisher=English Heritage |year=1995 |url=http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/stoneh/yz.htm |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090228211449/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/stoneh/yz.htm |archive-date= 28 February 2009|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

[[Richard J. C. Atkinson|Richard Atkinson]], [[Stuart Piggott]] and [[J. F. S. Stone|John F. S. Stone]] re-excavated much of Hawley's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the sarsen stones. Atkinson's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument's construction.

In 1958, the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including [[Christopher Chippindale]] of the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge]] and Brian Edwards of the [[University of the West of England]], campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and, in 2004, English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book ''Stonehenge: A History in Photographs''.<ref name="emmayoung">{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=Emma |title=Concrete Evidence |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |issue=9 January 2001 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn310-concrete-evidence.html |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923160924/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn310-concrete-evidence.html |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Taverner |first=Roger |title=How they rebuilt Stonehenge |work=[[Western Daily Press]], quoted in Cosmic Conspiracies: How they rebuilt Stonehenge |date=8 January 2001 |url=http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicstonehenge.htm |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309014637/http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicstonehenge.htm |archive-date=9 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=Julian C.|author-link = Julian C. Richards |title=Stonehenge: A History in Photographs |publisher=English Heritage |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=978-1-85074-895-3}}</ref>

In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher. They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a {{convert|10|m|adj=on}} length of a [[palisade]] ditch&nbsp;– a V-cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent [[aerial archaeology]] suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue.<ref name="SiiL" />

Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans, during which they discovered the remains of the [[Stonehenge Archer]] in the outer ditch,<ref>{{cite news |title=Stonehenge execution revealed |work=BBC News |date=9 June 2000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/784348.stm |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413233350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/784348.stm |archive-date=13 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 1979 [[rescue archaeology]] was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable-laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone.

In the early 1980s, [[Julian C. Richards]] led the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the [[Lesser Cursus]], [[Coneybury Henge]] and several other smaller features.

In 1993, the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called 'a national disgrace' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two-year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph ''[[Stonehenge in its landscape]]'', which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument.<ref name=Whitt>{{cite journal |last=Whittle |first=Alasdair |year=1996 |title=Eternal stones: Stonehenge completed |journal=Antiquity |volume=70 |issue=268 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00083459|s2cid=163697929 }}</ref>

====21st century====
More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the [[Stonehenge Riverside Project]], led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones—notably, Durrington Walls, where another "Avenue" leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue.

In April 2008, [[Tim Darvill]] of the University of Bournemouth and [[Geoffrey Wainwright (archaeologist)|Geoff Wainwright]] of the Society of Antiquaries began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve datable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, [[Julian C. Richards]] and [[Mike Pitts (archaeologist)|Mike Pitts]] excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935.<ref name="Sheffield Uni"/> A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]] in May 2008, in accordance with the ''Statement on burial law and archaeology'' issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20787 |title=StonehengeBones – epetition response |last=Anon |date=29 September 2009 |work=The prime minister's office epetitions |publisher=Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice |access-date=6 November 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002212133/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20787 |archive-date= 2 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/docs/burial-law-archaeology-statementii.pdf |title=Statement on burial law and archaeology |last=Anon |date=April 2008 |work=Review of Burial Legislation |publisher=Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111115334/http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/docs/burial-law-archaeology-statementii.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref>

A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about {{convert|40|cm|in|0|abbr=in|order=flip}} was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations. There is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset.<ref name="field2010" /> A circular, shallow bank, little more than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|spell=in|order=flip}} high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the "Z" circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.<ref name=field2010>{{cite journal |last=Field |first=David |date=March 2010 |title=Introducing 'Stonehedge' |journal=British Archaeology |issue=111 |pages=32–35 |issn=1357-4442|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

In 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a "henge-like" monument less than {{cvt|1|km||order=flip}} away from the main site.<ref name=IAA>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/iaa/departments/archaeology/news/2010/new-henge.aspx |title=A new 'henge' discovered at Stonehenge |publisher=[[University of Birmingham]] |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711182439/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/iaa/departments/archaeology/news/2010/new-henge.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located "at the site of Amesbury 50", a round barrow in the [[Cursus Barrows]] group.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/arp.1422 |title=The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project |journal=Archaeological Prospection |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=147 |year=2012 |last1=Gaffney |first1=C. |last2=Gaffney |first2=V. |last3=Neubauer |first3=W. |last4=Baldwin |first4=E. |last5=Chapman |first5=H. |last6=Garwood |first6=P. |last7=Moulden |first7=H. |last8=Sparrow |first8=T. |last9=Bates |first9=R.|last10 = Löcker|first10 = K. |last11=Hinterleitner |first11=A. |last12=Trinks |first12=I. |last13=Nau |first13=E. |last14=Zitz |first14=T. |last15=Floery |first15=S. |last16=Verhoeven |first16=G. |last17=Doneus |first17=M.|bibcode=2012ArchP..19..147G |s2cid=128595153 }}</ref>

In November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the [[Stonehenge Cursus]] pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone.<ref>Boyle, Alan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111201092521/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/28/9074269-pits-add-to-stonehenge-mystery ''Pits Add to Stonehgenge Mystery''], ''msnbc.com Cosmic Log'', 28 November 2011</ref><ref name=UBdiscovery>[http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2011/11/25Nov-Discoveries-provide-evidence-of-a-celestial-procession-at-Stonehenge.aspx ''Discoveries Provide Evidence of a Celestial Procession at Stonehenge''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223219/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2011/11/25Nov-Discoveries-provide-evidence-of-a-celestial-procession-at-Stonehenge.aspx|date=18 January 2012 }}, ''University of Birmingham Press Release'', 26 November 2011</ref> The new discovery was made as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010.<ref>[http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2010/07/5july-hengesearch.aspx ''Birmingham Archaeologists Turn Back Clock at Stonehenge''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151324/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2010/07/5july-hengesearch.aspx|date=18 January 2012 }}, ''University of Birmingham Press Release'', 5 July 2010</ref> The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.<ref name=UBdiscovery/>

In December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the source of some of the [[rhyolite]] fragments found in the Stonehenge [[debitage]]. These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps. The researchers have identified the source as a {{convert|70|m|adj=on|order=flip}} long rock outcrop called [[Craig Rhos-y-felin]] ({{coord|51|59|30|N|4|44|41|W|type:mountain_scale:1000_region:GB|name=Craig Rhos-y-Felin|display=inline}}), near Pont Saeson in north [[Pembrokeshire]], located {{convert|220|km|order=flip}} from Stonehenge.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keys |first=David |title=Scientists discover source of rock used in Stonehenge's first circle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/news/scientists-discover-source-of-rock-used-in-stonehenges-first-circle-6278894.html |access-date=20 December 2011 |newspaper=The Independent |date=18 December 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210214611/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/news/scientists-discover-source-of-rock-used-in-stonehenges-first-circle-6278894.html |archive-date=10 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Discovery in Stonehenge Bluestone Mystery |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/1823/?article_id=642 |work=National Museum of Wales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620114843/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/1823/?article_id=642 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[University of Birmingham]] announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds near [[Durrington, Wiltshire|Durrington]], overlooked previously, that may date as far back as 4000 BC.<ref name=Tele>{{Cite web |author=Siciliano, Leon |date=10 September 2014 |title=Technology unearths 17 new monuments at Stonehenge |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/11086508/Technology-unearths-17-new-monuments-at-Stonehenge.html |website=The Telegraph |access-date = 20 May 2015|display-authors = etal |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161120/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/11086508/Technology-unearths-17-new-monuments-at-Stonehenge.html |archive-date = 15 February 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> An area extending to {{convert|12|km2|sqmi|order=flip}} was studied to a depth of three metres with [[ground-penetrating radar]] equipment. As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the [[Cursus|cursus track]] is terminated by two {{convert|5|m|ft|adj=on|order=flip}} wide, extremely deep pits,<ref name="MyUser_Smithsonianmag.com_October_20_2014c">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-lies-beneath-Stonehenge-180952437/ |title=What Lies Beneath Stonehenge? |newspaper=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019134138/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-lies-beneath-Stonehenge-180952437/ |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> whose purpose is still a mystery.

===Origin of sarsens, bluestones and other modern developments===
[[File:Stonehenge stones plan by Nash et al 2021.png|thumb|Map of Stonehenge monument and detailed plan of individual numbered sarsen stones, bluestones and Altar Stone]]

In July 2020, a study led by David Nash of the [[University of Brighton]] concluded that the large sarsen stones were "a direct chemical match" to those found at [[West Woods]] near [[Marlborough, Wiltshire]], some 15 miles (25&nbsp;km) north of Stonehenge.<ref name="BBC53580339">{{cite news |title=Mystery of origin of Stonehenge megaliths solved |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-53580339# |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729182329/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-53580339 |url-status=live }}</ref> A core sample, originally extracted in 1958, had recently been returned. First the fifty-two sarsens were analysed using methods including [[x-ray fluorescence spectrometry]] to determine their chemical composition which revealed they were mostly similar. Then the core was destructively analysed and compared with stone samples from various locations in southern Britain. Fifty of the fifty-two megaliths were found to match sarsens in West Woods, thereby identifying the probable origin of the stones.<ref name="BBC53580339" /><ref name="ITVMarlborough">{{cite news |last1=Evelyn |first1=Rupert |title=Origin of Stonehenge's huge standing stones discovered after part of monument found in US |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-07-29/origin-of-stonehenges-huge-standing-stones-discovered-after-part-of-monument-found-in-us |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=ITV News |date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729182050/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-07-29/origin-of-stonehenges-huge-standing-stones-discovered-after-part-of-monument-found-in-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2250287-weve-finally-figured-out-where-stonehenges-giant-boulders-came-from/# |title=We've Finally Figured Out Where Stonehenge's Giant Boulders Came From |first1=Donna |last1=Lu |work=[[New Scientist]] |date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730112044/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2250287-weve-finally-figured-out-where-stonehenges-giant-boulders-came-from/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During 2017 and 2018, excavations by professor [[Mike Parker Pearson|Parker Pearson's]] team at [[Waun Mawn]], a large stone circle site in the Preseli Hills, suggested that the site had originally housed a {{convert|110|m|adj=on}} diameter stone circle of the same size as Stonehenge's original bluestone circle, also orientated towards the midsummer solstice.<ref name=Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Pearson  |first1=Mike Parker |author-link1=Mike Parker Pearson
 |last2=Pollard  |first2=Josh      |last3=Richards  |first3=Colin
 |last4=Welham   |first4=Kate      |last5=Kinnaird  |first5=Timothy
 |last6=Shaw     |first6=Dave      |last7=Simmons   |first7=Ellen
 |last8=Stanford |first8=Adam      |last9=Bevins    |first9=Richard
 |last10=Ixer    |first10=Rob      |last11=Ruggles  |first11=Clive
 |last12=Rylatt  |first12=Jim      |last13=Edinborough |first13=Kevan
 |display-authors=6
 |date=2021-02-12
 |title=The original Stonehenge? A dismantled stone circle in the Preseli Hills of west Wales
 |journal=Antiquity
 |volume=95 |issue=379 |pages=85–103
 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.239 |doi-access=free
 |quote=Waun Mawn is the third largest of Britain's great stone circles with diameters over 100&nbsp;m.
}}
</ref><ref name=Curry-2021-02-11>
{{cite news
 |first=Andrew |last=Curry 
 |date=11 Feb 2021
 |title=England's Stonehenge was erected in Wales first
 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/england-s-stonehenge-was-erected-wales-first
 |url-status=live  |access-date=13 February 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213005049/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/02/england-s-stonehenge-was-erected-wales-first
 |archive-date=13 February 2021
}}
</ref>

The circle at Waun Mawn also contained a hole from one stone which had a distinctive pentagonal shape, very closely matching the one pentagonal stone at Stonehenge  (stonehole&nbsp;91 at Waun Mawn / stone&nbsp;62 at Stonehenge).<ref name="Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12" /><ref name="Curry-2021-02-11" /> [[Luminescence dating|Soil dating]] of the sediments within the revealed stone holes, via [[optically stimulated luminescence]] (OSL), suggested the absent stones at Waun Mawn had been erected around 3400–3200 BC, and removed around 300–400 years later, a date consistent with theories that the same stones were moved and used at Stonehenge, before later being reorganised into their present locations and supplemented with local [[sarsen]]s as was already understood.<ref name="Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12" /><ref name="Curry-2021-02-11" /> Human activity at Waun Mawn ceased around the same time which has suggested that some people may have migrated to Stonehenge.<ref name="Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12" /><ref name="Curry-2021-02-11" /> It has also been suggested that stones from other sources may have been added to Stonehenge, perhaps from other dismantled circles in the region.<ref name="Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12" /><ref name="Curry-2021-02-11" />

Further work in 2021 by Parker Pearson's team concluded that the Waun Mawn circle had never been completed, and of the stones which might once have stood at the site, no more than 13 had been removed in antiquity.<ref name=Pearson-Casswell-2022-01-12>
{{cite web
 | last1 = Pearson   | first1 = Mike Parker  |author1-link=Mike Parker Pearson
 | last2 = Casswell  | first2 = Chris     | last3 = Rylatt  | first3 = Jim
 | last4 = Stanford  | first4 = Adam      | last5 = Welham  | first5 = Kate
 | last6 = Pollard   | first6 = Josh
 | date = 2022-01-12
 | title = Waun Mawn and Gernos-fach: The Welsh origins of Stonehenge project Interim report of the 2021 season
 | website = sarsen.org
 | series = Musings and bookmarks about Stonehenge and related stuff.
 | publisher =
 | url =http://www.sarsen.org/2022/01/waun-mawn-and-gernos-fach-welsh-origins.html
 | access-date = 2022-01-30
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113075127/http://www.sarsen.org/2022/01/waun-mawn-and-gernos-fach-welsh-origins.html
 | archive-date = 2022-01-13
}}
</ref>{{efn|
"In summary, the 2021 excavations provide evidence that only 30% of Waun Mawn's stone circle was ever completed, leaving large gaps on the west and south sides. [...]  if Waun Mawn provided some of the bluestones for Stonehenge, these can only have been a small portion of the total."<ref name=Pearson-Casswell-2022-01-12/>
}}

In February 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of "vast troves of Neolithic and Bronze Age artifacts"<ref name="Art News"/> while conducting excavations for the proposed highway tunnel near Stonehenge. The find included Bronze Age graves, late neolithic pottery and C-shaped enclosure on the intended site of the [[Stonehenge road tunnel]]. Remains also contained a shale object in one of the graves, burnt flint in C-shaped enclosure and the final resting place of a baby.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Steven |date=2021-02-04 |title=Archaeologists unearth bronze age graves at Stonehenge tunnel site |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/04/archaeologist-unearth-bronze-age-graves-stonehenge-a303-tunnel-site |access-date=2021-02-05 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205144522/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/04/archaeologist-unearth-bronze-age-graves-stonehenge-a303-tunnel-site |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, archaeologists announced the discovery of thousands of [[prehistoric]] pits during an electromagnetic induction [[field survey]] around Stonehenge. Based on the shape of the pits and the artifacts found inside, the study's lead author, Philippe De Smedt, assumed that six of the 9 large pits excavated were made by prehistoric humans. One of the oldest was about 10000 years old and contained hunting tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Smedt |first1=Philippe |last2=Garwood |first2=Paul |last3=Chapman |first3=Henry |last4=Deforce |first4=Koen |last5=De Grave |first5=Johan |last6=Hanssens |first6=Daan |last7=Vandenberghe |first7=Dimitri |date=2022 |title=Novel insights into prehistoric land use at Stonehenge by combining electromagnetic and invasive methods with a semi-automated interpretation scheme |url= http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/160422299/Pages_from_accepted.pdf|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=143|page=105557 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2022.105557 |bibcode=2022JArSc.143j5557D |s2cid=248688037 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Owen Jarus |date=2022-05-19 |title=Thousands of prehistoric pits discovered around Stonehenge |url=https://www.livescience.com/thousands-pits-found-around-stonehenge |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] published research from a team at [[Curtin University]] in Australia identifying the origin of the Altar Stone, which is partially buried by a collapsed sarsen stone, as having come from the Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland, some 700 km away.<ref name=Curtin-2024-08>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bates   | first1 = Emily  |author1-link=Emily Bates
 | date = 2024-08-14
 | title = A Scottish origin for Stonehenge's Altar Stone
 | journal = Nature
 | series = Nature Video
 | publisher = Springer Nature Limited
 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-024-02651-8 | pmid = 39143289 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02651-8
 | access-date = 2024-08-14
 }}</ref>

===Folklore===
[[File:Stonehenge Heel Stone - panoramio (2).jpg|upright|thumb|The southwest face of the Heel Stone in May 2016]]

===="Heel Stone", "Friar's Heel", or "Sun-Stone"====
[[File:Sun behind the Heel Stone.jpg|alt=The sun is directly behind the Heel Stone at sunrise on the summer solstice|left|thumb|The Sun behind the [[Heel Stone]] on the [[Summer solstice]], shortly after sunrise]]

The [[Heel Stone]] lies northeast of the sarsen circle, beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue.<ref name="Stanford">{{cite book |last1=Stanford |first1=Peter |title=The Extra Mile: A 21st century Pilgrimage |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=20}}</ref> It is roughly textured, {{convert|16|ft|m}} above ground, and leans in towards the stone circle.<ref name="Stanford"/> It has been known by many names in the past, including "Friar's Heel" and "Sun-stone".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Stevens |first=Edward |date=July 1866 |title=Stonehenge and Abury |magazine=The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review |publisher=Bradbury, Evans & Co |location=London |volume=11 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_UIAAAAIAAJ&q=Stonehenge+%22Friar%27s+Heel%22&pg=PA69 |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427082830/https://books.google.com/books?id=z_UIAAAAIAAJ&q=Stonehenge+%22Friar%27s+Heel%22&pg=PA69 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Measuring Time: Teacher's Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5QrAAAAYAAJ&q=Stonehenge+%22Sun+stone%22&pg=PA173 |access-date=5 March 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Burlington, NC |isbn=978-0-89278-707-4 |page=173 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427031944/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5QrAAAAYAAJ&q=Stonehenge+%22Sun+stone%22&pg=PA173 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Summer solstice]] an observer standing within the stone circle, looking northeast through the entrance, would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the Heel Stone, and the Sun has often been photographed over it.

A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar's Heel reference.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Andrew Oliver |title=The Journal of Samuel Curwen, loyalist |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QY4EDSaA0EC |access-date=6 March 2015 |volume=1 |year=1972 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-48380-4 |page=190 |chapter=July 1776 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426223642/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QY4EDSaA0EC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Description of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NytRAAAAcAAJ |access-date=6 March 2015 |year=1809 |publisher=J Easton |location=Salisbury |page=5 |chapter=Jeffery of Monmouth's Account of Stonehenge |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427075153/https://books.google.com/books?id=NytRAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|The [[Devil]] bought the stones from a woman in Ireland, wrapped them up, and brought them to Salisbury plain. One of the stones fell into the [[River Avon, Hampshire|Avon]], the rest were carried to the plain. The Devil then cried out, "No-one will ever find out how these stones came here!" A friar replied, "That's what you think!", whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel. The stone stuck in the ground and is still there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brewer |first=Ebenezer Cobham|author-link=E. Cobham Brewer |title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |url=https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=Harper and Brothers |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp/page/n387 380] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408132005/https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp |archive-date=8 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]'' attributes this tale to [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]. Though book eight of Geoffrey's ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' describes how Stonehenge was built, the two stories are entirely different.

The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian [[Charles Warne]] at [[Long Bredy]] in Dorset.<ref>[[Warne, Charles]], 1872, ''Ancient Dorset''. Bournemouth.</ref>

====Arthurian legend====
[[File:BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|The oldest known depiction of Stonehenge, from the second quarter of the 14th century. A giant helps [[Merlin]] build Stonehenge. From a manuscript of the ''[[Roman de Brut]]'' by [[Wace]] in the [[British Library]] (Egerton 3028).]]

The twelfth-century ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' ("History of the Kings of Britain"), by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], includes a legend of Stonehenge's origin, describing how Stonehenge was brought from Ireland with the help of the wizard [[Merlin]].<ref>[[s:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 8|''Historia Regum Britanniae'', Book 8, ch. 10.]]</ref> Geoffrey's story spread widely, with variations of it appearing in adaptations of his work, such as [[Wace]]'s Norman French ''[[Roman de Brut]]'', [[Layamon]]'s Middle English ''[[Brut (Layamon)|Brut]]'', and the Welsh ''[[Brut y Brenhinedd]]''.

According to the tale, the stones of Stonehenge were healing stones, which [[giant]]s had brought from Africa to Ireland. They had been raised on [[Mount Killaraus]] to form a stone circle, known as the Giant's Ring or Giant's Round. The fifth-century king [[Aurelius Ambrosius]] wished to build a great memorial to the British Celtic nobles slain by the Saxons at Salisbury. Merlin advised him to use the Giant's Ring. The king sent Merlin and [[Uther Pendragon]] ([[King Arthur]]'s father) with 15,000 men to bring it from Ireland. They defeated an Irish army led by Gillomanius, but were unable to move the huge stones. With Merlin's help, they transported the stones to Britain and re-erected them as they had stood.<ref>Ring, Trudy (editor). ''International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 2: Northern Europe''. Routledge, 1995. pp.34–35</ref> Mount Killaraus may refer to the [[Hill of Uisneach]].<ref>Dames, Michael. ''Ireland: A Sacred Journey''. Element Books, 2000. p.190</ref> Although the tale is fiction, archaeologist [[Mike Parker Pearson]] suggests it may hold a "grain of truth" as the Stonehenge bluestones were likely brought from the [[Waun Mawn]] stone circle on the Irish Sea coast of Wales.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dramatic-stonehenge-discovery-boosts-irish-account-of-its-origins-1.4483067 "Dramatic Stonehenge discovery boosts 'Irish' account of its origins"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216033057/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dramatic-stonehenge-discovery-boosts-irish-account-of-its-origins-1.4483067 |date=16 February 2021 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 12 February 2021.</ref>

Another legend tells how the invading Saxon king [[Hengist]] invited British Celtic warriors to a feast but treacherously ordered his men to massacre the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected Stonehenge on the site to show his remorse.<ref>Drawing on the writings of [[Nennius]], the tale is noted in [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser]]'s ''Faerie Queene'', and given further circulation in [[William Dugdale]]'s ''Monasticon Anglicanum'' of 1655. Source: {{cite book |title=The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge |publisher=Brown and Company |location=Salisbury, England |year=1868 |pages=35–39 |oclc=181860648}}</ref>

===Sixteenth century to present===
Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since [[King Henry VIII]] acquired [[Amesbury Abbey]] and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Earl of Hertford]]. It subsequently passed to [[Lord Carleton]] and then the [[Marquess of Queensberry]]. The [[Antrobus baronets|Antrobus family]] of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824.

====Acquisition for the nation====
Stonehenge was one of several lots put up for auction in 1915 by [[Antrobus baronets|Sir Cosmo Gordon Antrobus]], after he inherited the estate from his brother.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barber |first=Martyn |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/7994/RestoringStonehenge1881-1939 |title='Restoring' Stonehenge 1881-1939 |date=2014-06-15 |publisher=Historic England Publishing |isbn=9781848023475 |pages=85 |issn=2046-9802}}</ref> The auction by [[Knight Frank & Rutley]] estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included "Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches [12.44&nbsp;ha] of adjoining downland."<ref name=Amesbury>{{cite web |url=http://www.this-is-amesbury.co.uk/stonehenge.html |title=The man who bought Stonehenge |last=Heffernan |first=T.H.J. |website=This is Amesbury |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625160447/http://www.this-is-amesbury.co.uk/stonehenge.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Cecil Chubb]] bought the site for £6,600 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|6600|1915|r=-2}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) and gave it to the nation three years later, with certain conditions attached. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of – or even as a present for – his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim, as he believed a local man should be the new owner.<ref name=Amesbury/>

====Saving the skyline====
[[File:Stonehenge and Aerodrome 1928.jpg|thumb|right|1928 image of Stonehenge with the remains of the aerodrome site in the background]]
The plot bought by Chubb and gifted to the nation was only {{Convert | 30 | acre}} in size, and various buildings stood within clear sight of the monument, the most prominent being [[Stonehenge Aerodrome]]. Some {{convert|300|m|ft}} from the stones, the aerodrome was built during the First World War for the [[Royal Flying Corps]]<ref>Francis Stewart Briggs, S. H. Harris, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNXNQAACAAJ "Joysticks and Fiddlesticks: (the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo) Or, The Flying Kangaroo"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101133622/https://books.google.com/books/about/Joysticks_and_Fiddlesticks.html?id=KyNXNQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|date=1 January 2016 }}, ''Hutchinson & Company Limited'', 1938. Retrieved 11 June 2014.</ref> and its large stone and brick hangars dominated the skyline.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stonehenge and its environs: monuments and land use|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|author=Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England)|year=1979|isbn=978-0-85224-379-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/stonehengeitsenv0000roya/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%22stonehenge+aerodrome%22}}</ref><ref name=aero>{{cite book|last=Barber|first=Martyn|title=Stonehenge Aerodrome and the Stonehenge landscape|publisher=English Heritage|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/redirect/15239|year=2015}}</ref>

In the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction was built between what would later be designated as the [[A303 road|A303]] and [[A344 road (England)|A344]] roads, along with several cottages and a cafe.

[[File:Stonehenge development plots.png|thumb|left|Map showing the three proposed development plots around Stonehenge in 1927]]
In 1927 the land around Stonehenge was put up for auction in three plots. Plot A lay immediately west of the monument and included the (by now disused) Stonehenge Aerodrome, Plot B was to the south on the other side of the main road, and Plot C on the north side included part of the [[Stonehenge Cursus]].<ref name=plots>{{Cite news |date=23 March 1929 |title=Save Stonehenge! The "Frontispiece to English history" in peril |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/19290323/052/0014 |work=The Illustrated London News |pages=481}}</ref><ref>The London Mercury Vol. XVII No. 98 1927</ref>

There was interest from developers, and in August 1927 a subscription fund was launched in order to "save the skyline" of the monument.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 1934 |title=Donor of Stonehenge |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/19340928/129/0016 |work=The Western Gazette |pages=16}}</ref> The subscription made rapid progress, with [[George V]] as the lead subscriber, and by October 1927 £8,000 had been raised, which was enough to purchase Plot A and start the demolition of the aerodrome.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 1927 |title=Funds wanted to save Stonehenge |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19271109/084/0005 |work=The Dundee Evening Telegraph |pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 1927 |title=Stonehenge – Fund to save the skyline |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19270805/015/0001 |work=The Midland Daily Telegraph |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=JC |first=Squire |date=8 October 1927 |title=Stonehenge |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001557/19271008/167/0008 |work=The Wiltshire Times |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 1927 |title=To Save Stonehenge |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19271110/109/0008 |work=The Daily Chronicle |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Preservation of Stonehenge |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000527/19271116/124/0011 |work=Taunton Courier |pages=11}}</ref> The fund continued for a number of years to secure the remaining land around the henge for the nation, with fundraising for Plot C continuing through 1929.<ref name=plots/>

The land was taken into the management of the [[National Trust]] to preserve. The last large aircraft hangar was removed in 1930,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 1930 |title=Preservation of Stonehenge – Progress towards isolation |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001557/19300809/163/0008 |work=The Wiltshire Times |pages=8}}</ref> and by the middle of the 1930s the aerodrome site was cleared.<ref name="vch">{{Cite book |author-last1=Baggs |author-first1=A. P. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol15/pp13-55 |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 15 |author-last2=Freeman |author-first2=Jane |author-last3=Stevenson |author-first3=Janet H. |date=1995 |publisher=University of London |editor-last=Crowley |editor-first=D. A. |series=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=13–55 |chapter=Amesbury |access-date=29 May 2024 |via=British History Online}}</ref>

More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native [[chalk grassland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stonehengeconsultation.org/Stonehenge_Consultation_Booklet.pdf |title=The Future of Stonehenge: Public consultation |year=2008 |publisher=English Heritage |page=2 |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111202210539/http://www.stonehengeconsultation.org/Stonehenge_Consultation_Booklet.pdf |archive-date= 2 December 2011}}</ref> This process continued in 2022 when the National Heritage Lottery Fund (NHLF) gave a grant to the National Trust to acquire another 170 hectares of the Stonehenge Landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Trust acquires land of exceptional archaeological importance around Stonehenge {{!}} National Heritage Memorial Fund |url=https://www.nhmf.org.uk/news/national-trust-acquires-land-exceptional-archaeological-importance-around-stonehenge |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.nhmf.org.uk}}</ref>

====Neopaganism====
[[File:Summer Solstice Sunrise over Stonehenge 2005.jpg|thumb|Sunrise at Stonehenge on the [[summer solstice]], 21 June 2005]]

During the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of [[Neopagan]]ism and [[New Age]] beliefs, particularly the [[Neo-druidism|Neo-druids]]. The historian [[Ronald Hutton]] would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."<ref>[[#Hut09|Hutton 2009]]. p. 323.</ref> The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the [[Ancient Order of Druids]], who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.<ref>[[#Hut09|Hutton 2009]]. pp. 321–322.</ref>

[[File:Stonehenge84.jpg|thumb|Dancing inside the stones, 1984 [[Stonehenge Free Festival]]]]

The earlier rituals were complemented by the [[Stonehenge Free Festival]], loosely organised by the [[Polytantric Circle]], held between 1972 and 1984, during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivers |first1=Julian |title=The Law of Organized Religions: Between Establishment and Secularism |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=231}}</ref> However, in 1985, the site was closed to festivalgoers by a [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] injunction.<ref name="Hallett 2014">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-27405147 |title=The battle scars of Stonehenge |last=Hallett |first=Emma |date=2014-06-20 |work=BBC News |access-date=2018-08-02 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721151620/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-27405147 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and [[New Age travellers]] that became known as the [[Battle of the Beanfield]], when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge. Beginning in 1985, the year of the confrontation, no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason. This "exclusion-zone" policy continued for almost fifteen years: until just before the arrival of the twenty-first century, visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance, the [[Winter solstice|winter]] and [[Summer solstice|summer]] [[solstice]]s, and the vernal and autumnal [[equinox]]es.<ref name="bbc-faded">{{cite news |last=Hallett |first=Emma |title=Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27405147 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=BBC News |date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228101804/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27405147 |archive-date=28 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following a [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruling obtained by campaigners such as [[Arthur Uther Pendragon]], the restrictions were lifted.<ref name="Hallett 2014" /> The ruling recognized that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church, and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids, [[paganism|Pagans]] and other "Earth based' or 'old' religions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_9_ENG.pdf |title=Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630132911/https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_9_ENG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Meetings were organised by the [[National Trust]] and others to discuss the arrangements.{{r|English}} In 1998, a party of 100 people was allowed access and these included astronomers, archaeologists, Druids, locals, pagans and travellers.{{r|English}} In 2000, an open summer solstice event was held and about seven thousand people attended.{{r|English}} In 2001, the numbers increased to about 10,000.<ref name="English">{{Cite journal |last=English |first=Penny |date=2002-06-01 |title=Disputing stonehenge: Law and access to a national symbol  |journal=Entertainment Law |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14730980210001730401  }}</ref> {{See also|Summer Solstice at Stonehenge}}

====Setting and access====
[[File:Stonehenge cloudy sunset.jpg|thumb|Stonehenge at sunset]]

When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.<ref>[http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/news_rece_ston.php ''Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge: an assessment of the alternatives''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515200510/https://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/news_rece_ston.php|date=15 May 2008 }}. ''The World Archaeological Congress''</ref> Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. [[English Heritage]] does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.<ref>[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.877 "Planning Your Visit to Stonehenge"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210044652/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.877|date=10 February 2008 }}. English Heritage</ref> Approximately 30,000 local residents are entitled to free admission to Stonehenge under an agreement made in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/plan-your-visit/stonehenge-local-residents-pass/ |title=Local Residents Pass |website=English Heritage |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427082831/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/plan-your-visit/stonehenge-local-residents-pass/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads – on the north side the [[A344 road (England)|A344]] to [[Shrewton]] and Devizes which passed within three metres of the [[Heel Stone]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Chippindale |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Chippindale |date=June 1985 |title=Notes & News |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/notes-news/63D346B5BA81592C3BF72E8C5EF4E98F |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |language=en |volume=59 |issue=226 |pages=113–137 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00056933 |issn=0003-598X |url-access=registration}}</ref> and to the south the [[A303 road|A303]], a trunk route connecting London with Devon and Cornwall. In 1979, the [[Department of the Environment (United Kingdom)|Department of the Environment]] proposed moving visitor facilities into the dip of Stonehenge Bottom. In 1985, a commission set up by English Heritage led to an unimplemented decision to close the A344 and build a visitor centre on Army land north of the monument, to replace the "woefully inadequate" facilities and cater for an expected one million visitors per year.<ref name=":0" />

The access situation and the proximity of the two roads continued to draw criticism, highlighted by a 2006 [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/troubled-stonehenge-lacks-magic-422736.html |title=Troubled Stonehenge 'lacks magic' |work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=11 April 2009 |first=Cahal |last=Milmo |date=3 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220094235/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/troubled-stonehenge-lacks-magic-422736.html |archive-date=20 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The controversy surrounding re-routing of the roads led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. In December 2007, the government announced that plans to build a [[Stonehenge road tunnel]] under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled on cost grounds.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071206/debtext/71206-0003.htm#07120645000002 ''A303 Stonehenge Road Scheme''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120093753/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071206/debtext/71206-0003.htm#07120645000002|date=20 November 2017 }} [[Hansard]] report of proceedings in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] 6 December 2007</ref>

[[File:Stonehenge visitors centre.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The visitor centre at Stonehenge]]

In 2009, the government gave approval for a £25&nbsp;million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8047968.stm |title=Stonehenge Centre gets Go-Ahead |date=13 May 2009 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518021733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8047968.stm |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre {{convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=in}} to the west, and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Stonehenge development saved by lottery's £10m |last=Morris |first=Steven |date=19 November 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |page=14}}</ref> In June 2013, the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC |date=24 June 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-23026522 |title=Stonehenge permanent road closure work begins |location=UK |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628045725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-23026522 |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=End in sight after 'decades of dithering' as Government steps in to help secure future for Stonehenge |publisher=[[Department of Culture, Media and Sport]] |date=4 April 2011 |url=http://www.dcms.gov.uk/news/media_releases/8019.aspx |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006090552/http://www.dcms.gov.uk/news/media_releases/8019.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The centre, designed by [[Denton Corker Marshall]], opened to the public in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stonehenge Visitor Centre by Denton Corker Marshall opens tomorrow |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/17/stonehenge-visitor-centre-by-denton-corker-marshall-opens-tomorrow/ |work=dezeen |date=17 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217173447/http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/17/stonehenge-visitor-centre-by-denton-corker-marshall-opens-tomorrow/ |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

An announcement in November 2020 stated that a plan to construct a four-lane tunnel to take traffic below the site had been approved. This was intended to eliminate the section of the A303 that runs close to the circle. The plan had received opposition from a group of "archaeologists, environmentalists and modern-day druids" according to ''[[National Geographic]]'' but was supported by others who wanted to "restore the landscape to its original setting and improve the experience for visitors". Opponents of the plan were concerned that artifacts that are underground in the area would be lost, or that excavation in the area could de-stabilize the stones, leading to their sinking, shifting or perhaps falling.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/11/controversial-tunnel-under-stonehenge-approved-over-archaeologists-objections/ |title=Controversial tunnel under Stonehenge approved over archaeologists' objections |date=12 November 2020 |work=National Geographic |access-date=1 December 2020 |quote=Supporters say the highway tunnel will relieve traffic congestion ... Opponents fear the loss of ancient artifacts still hidden underground. |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212172109/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/controversial-tunnel-under-stonehenge-approved-over-archaeologists-objections?cmpid=org%253Dngp%253A%253Amc%253Dcrm-email%253A%253Asrc%253Dngp%253A%253Acmp%253Deditorial%253A%253Aadd%253DHistory_20201130&rid=D3C472AF93F8A8BCEE95284AEEFA77AA |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Art News">{{cite web |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/highway-tunnel-stonehenge-new-discoveries-1942259/amp-page |title=Archaeological Excavations Near Stonehenge Have Turned Up Ancient Graves and Scores of Other Fascinating Discoveries |date=8 February 2021 |work=Art News |access-date=10 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209020457/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/highway-tunnel-stonehenge-new-discoveries-1942259/amp-page |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, the [[Department for Transport]] announced that, despite the original planning application having been overturned by the High Court in 2021, the Transport Secretary, [[Mark Harper]], had approved plans for a {{Convert|2|mile|adj=on}} road tunnel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first= Sammy |title=Stonehenge tunnel is approved by government |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-66201424 |date=14 July 2023 |website=BBC News |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> In February 2024, the High Court in London rejected a fresh bid by campaigners to stop construction of the road tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonehenge: Campaigners lose court challenge to tunnel plans – DW – 02/20/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/stonehenge-campaigners-lose-court-challenge-to-tunnel-plans/a-68302773 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> A further legal challenge was made in the High Court in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Topham |first1=Gwyn |title=Ministers 'inadequately briefed' on alternatives to Stonehenge tunnel plan, lawyers argue|date=15 July 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/15/stonehenge-tunnel-plan-alternatives-high-court |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> Although this action was dismissed by the High Court in October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Campaigners 'would have lost Stonehenge legal challenge' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjwd5z9ppxno |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> the [[Starmer ministry|incoming Labour government]] had already announced in July that the tunnel would 'not move forward'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Stonehenge tunnel scheme cancelled by government |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0jq8pxg0weo |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hakimian |first=Rob |date=2024-07-29 |title=Stonehenge Tunnel among infrastructure projects axed by government in budget overhaul |url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/stonehenge-tunnel-among-infrastructure-projects-axed-by-government-in-budget-overhaul-29-07-2024/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |magazine=New Civil Engineer |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2025, English Heritage announced that planning permission had been granted for two buildings to be constructed near the visitor facilities: a 'Learning Centre' to the east of the shuttle bus turning circle and a 'Neolithic classroom' near the existing recreated Neolithic village. These are due to open in the autumn of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Two new buildings to be built near Stonehenge by English Heritage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crlxw9d25jwo |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonehenge Education Project |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/school-visits/stonehenge-education-project/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=English Heritage}}</ref>

====Vandalism====

The site has suffered vandalism intermittently for centuries. Until the 17th century, stones disappeared from the site, to be employed at building sites.<ref>{{cite journal |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707013904/http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/news_rece_ston.php |author1=Robert Layton |author2=Julian Thomas |date=1999 |language=en |periodical=[[World Archaeological Congress]] |quote=Up until the 17th century stones occasionally went missing to help build bridges or houses |title=Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge: an assessment of the alternatives |url=http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/news_rece_ston.php}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  In the 19th century, tourists employed chisels to cut rock chips off the megaliths as souvenirs.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |access-date=3 July 2024 |date=22 May 2008 |language=en |quote=At one time, chisels would be handed to people visiting Stonehenge, so they could chip away at the ancient monument to get their own souvenirs. But the practice has been outlawed since 1900 |title=Chisels once given at Stonehenge |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wiltshire/7414750.stm |work=[[BBC]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

Although the first years of the ''Free Festival'' (annual, from 1975 onwards) saw "very little vandalism", Stonehenge had to be fenced off from 1978 onwards.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barbara Bender |author2=Mark Edmonds |date=December 1992 |title=Stonehenge: whose past? What past? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/026151779290001N |language=en |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=13 |pages=356–357 |doi=10.1016/0261-5177(92)90001-N |issn=0261-5177 |access-date=3 July 2024 |quote=In the early years of the Free Festival the authorities remained tolerant.  After 1978 they roped off the stones inner sanctum towards the Heel […] There was very little vandalism |number=4 |periodical=Tourism Management}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  Later, repeated vandalism in the 1980s and 1990s led the authorities to deploy up to hundreds of police, erect barriers around Stonehenge, and impose exclusion zones up to six kilometres from the archaeological monument.<ref name="TCR">{{cite journal |author1=Humphrys, Geoffrey |date=June 1994 |title=Stonehenge – June's flashpoint |language=en |volume=264 |page=309 |issn=0010-7565 |quote=Repeated vandalism has led to a barrier being erected around the stones, and during the past four years a four-mile exclusion zone has been enforced from June 11 to June 24 |number=1541 |periodical=[[The Contemporary Review]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Numen">{{cite journal |author1=Carole M. Cusack |date=2012 |title=Charmed Circle: Stonehenge, Contemporary Paganism, and Alternative Archaeology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23244956 |language=en |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=59 |pages=148–149 |issn=0029-5973 |access-date=2 July 2024 |quote=in 1984 […] Vandalism occurred |number=2 y 3 |periodical=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]]|jstor=23244956 }}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  The vandalism of 1984 included defacing the monument with purple spray paint.<ref>{{cite magazine |author1=LAURA MILLER |date=21 April 2014 |title=Romancing The Stones |language=en |volume=90 |page=48 |issn=0028-792X |quote=archeologists tolerated Druid rituals at Stonehenge […] By 1984 […]  vandalism: "People were climbing all over the stones and spray-painting them purple." |number=9 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The government went so far as to close Stonehenge to protect it from vandalism, but in the face of public outcry the government opted to re-open it.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Patricia Monaghan |date=1 November 2008 |title=Stonehenge by Rosemary Hill |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |volume=105 |page=13 |issn=0006-7385 |quote=it was built several millennia before the Celts with their druid priests arrived on British shores? For several hundred years, people have believed that Stonehenge is connected to the druids, so ardently that public outcry eventually drove the government, which had closed the monument to keep it from vandalism and other deterioration, reopened it |number=5 |periodical=[[Booklist]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

In 2008, two men used a hammer and a screwdriver to take a small chip the size of a [[10p coin]] from the side of the Heel Stone, in what authorities described as "the first vandalism in decades".<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2008 |title=Souvenir hunters vandalise Stonehenge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/22/conservation.archaeology |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |agency=Press Association}}</ref>

In 2020, the British transport minister was accused of vandalism when he decided that the road through the Stonehenge area would be converted into a tunnel that would pass in the immediate vicinity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stonehenge tunnel: Campaigners raise funds for legal challenge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-55485482 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |date=31 December 2020 |language=en |quote=«wanton vandalism of one of the world's most iconic heritage sites»}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2020 |language=en |page=19 |quote=The road past Stonehenge will be put in a tunnel, the Transport Secretary has decreed, enraging those who declare it vandalism |title=Under Stonehenge |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The project was decades old, but had repeatedly been delayed because of its cost or the effects on archaeological remains.<ref>{{cite news |author1=PHILIP JOHNSTON |date=19 July 2023 |language=en |page=16 |quote=the Government gave the go-ahead for a project that has been talked about for decades but has been rejected as archaeological vandalism or just too costly |title=The scandalous Stonehenge tunnel is a very British waste of taxpayer money |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The historian [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] opined that "To inflict this act of vandalism on this landscape seems unbelievable."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Craig Simpson |date=18 February 2021 |language=en |page=10 |periodical=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=Tom Holland, the historian and president of the alliance, told The Daily Telegraph: "To inflict this act of vandalism on this landscape seems unbelievable |title=Stonehenge campaigners to take tunnel project to court}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>  Tunnel opponents considered it "state-sponsored vandalism" even as their case was defeated in court in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mark Hallam |title=Stonehenge: Campaigners lose court challenge to tunnel plans |url=https://www.dw.com/en/stonehenge-campaigners-lose-court-challenge-to-tunnel-plans/a-68302773 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2024-02-20 |language=en |quote=this judgement is a huge blow and exposes the site to National Highway's state-sponsored vandalism}}</ref>

[[File:Vlcsnap at 0010-VIDEO 19062024 JustStopOil Stonehenge.png|thumb|[[Just Stop Oil]] protestors vandalising Stonehenge]]
On 19 June 2024, [[Climate movement|climate protesters]] from [[Just Stop Oil]] vandalised three of the [[standing stones]] by spraying orange cornflour powder paint onto them. [[English Heritage]] called the defacement "extremely upsetting" and began an investigation to assess the damage caused by the paint,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ott |first=Haley |date=2024-06-19 |title=Stonehenge sprayed with orange paint by Just Stop Oil activists demanding U.K. "phase out fossil fuels" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stonehenge-just-stop-oil-protest-activists-spray-orange-paint-demand-uk-stop-fossil-fuel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619135458/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stonehenge-just-stop-oil-protest-activists-spray-orange-paint-demand-uk-stop-fossil-fuel/ |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> before removing it with blown air and reporting that there was "no visible damage" to the stones.<ref name="bbcstone">{{cite news |last1=Boobyer |first1=Leigh |date=19 June 2024 |title=Stonehenge covered in powder paint by Just Stop Oil protesters |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw44mdee0zzo |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonehenge – Just Stop Oil protest |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/pr-stonehenge--just-stop-oil-protest/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> The English Heritage webpage for Stonehenge calls for visitors to respect the stones since they form a [[World Heritage Site]], a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]], and a place sacred to many.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Please respect the stones |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/things-to-do/solstice/respect-the-stones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620001804/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/things-to-do/solstice/respect-the-stones/ |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> Conversely, [[Sarah Kerr]], a lecturer in archaeology at [[University College Cork]], noted that the [[effects of climate change]] pose a much greater threat to Stonehenge and other British heritage sites than Just Stop Oil's protest, which was washed away without causing damage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Sarah |date=2024-06-21 |title=Stonehenge protest: if you worry about damage to British heritage you should listen to Just Stop Oil |url=http://theconversation.com/stonehenge-protest-if-you-worry-about-damage-to-british-heritage-you-should-listen-to-just-stop-oil-232934 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{See also|Just Stop Oil#Stonehenge}}