Editing Spirituality (section)

====Islam====
An inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle are two commonly accepted meanings of the Arabic word ''[[jihad]]'':{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=87}} The "greater jihad" is the inner struggle by a believer to fulfill his religious duties and fight against one's [[nafs|ego]].{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=87}}<ref group=web name=BBCjihad>{{cite web|title=Jihad|work=Religions|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml|access-date=20 February 2012|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006140845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This non-violent meaning is stressed by both Muslim and non-Muslim authors.<ref>[http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html Jihad and the Islamic Law of War] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818180319/http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html |date=August 18, 2013 }}</ref><ref>Rudolph Peters, ''Islam and Colonialism. The doctrine of Jihad in Modern History'' (Mouton Publishers, 1979), p. 118</ref>

[[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]], an 11th-century Islamic scholar, referenced a statement by the [[Sahaba|companion of Muhammad]], [[Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]]:
{{blockquote|The Prophet ... returned from one of his battles, and thereupon told us, 'You have arrived with an excellent arrival, you have come from the Lesser Jihad to the Greater Jihad&nbsp;– the striving of a servant (of [[Allah]]) against his desires (holy war)."<ref group=web name=BBCjihad/><ref>[[Fayd al-Qadir]] vol. 4, p. 511</ref>{{refn|group=note|This reference gave rise to the distinguishing of two forms of jihad: "greater" and "lesser". Some Islamic scholars dispute the authenticity of this reference and consider the meaning of jihad as a holy war to be more important.<ref group=web name=BBCjihad/>}}}}

=====Sufism=====
{{Main|Sufism}}
The best known form of Islamic mystic spirituality is the [[Sufi]] tradition (famous through [[Rumi]] and [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]]) in which a [[Sheikh]] or ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' transmits spiritual discipline to students.<ref>
Azeemi, K.S., "Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation". Houston: Plato, 2005. ({{ISBN|0-9758875-4-8}}), p. xi</ref>

Sufism or {{transliteration|ar|DIN|taṣawwuf}} ({{langx|ar|تصوّف}}) is defined by its adherents as the inner, [[Islamic mysticism|mystical]] dimension of [[Islam]].<ref name="Godlas">Alan Godlas, University of Georgia, ''Sufism's Many Paths'', 2000, [http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html University of Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144645/http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html |date=2011-10-16 }}</ref><ref>Nuh Ha Mim Keller, "How would you respond to the claim that Sufism is Bid'a?", 1995. Fatwa accessible at: [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm Masud.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231121059/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm |date=2008-12-31 }}</ref><ref>Zubair Fattani, "The meaning of Tasawwuf", Islamic Academy. [http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm Islamicacademy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828093853/http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref> A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣūfī}}'' ({{lang|fa|صُوفِيّ}}). Sufis believe they are practicing [[ihsan]] (perfection of worship) as revealed by [[Gabriel]] to [[Muhammad]],
{{blockquote|Worship and serve [[Allah]] as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you.}}

Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. They are strong adherents to the principal of tolerance, peace and against any form of violence. The Sufi have suffered severe persecution by more rigid and fundamentalist groups such as the [[Wahhabi]] and [[Salafi movement]]. In 1843 the [[Senussi]] Sufi were forced to flee Mecca and Medina and head to Sudan and Libya.<ref name="FirstDynasty">{{cite book| last= Hawting| first= Gerald R.| author-link=G. R. Hawting | title= The first dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
| publisher= [[Routledge]]| year= 2000| isbn= 978-0-415-24073-4}} See Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad+Caliphate+661+750 book search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141131/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad%20Caliphate%20661%20750 |date=2023-04-24 }}.</ref>

Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God".<ref>Ahmed Zarruq, Zaineb Istrabadi, Hamza Yusuf Hanson&nbsp;– "The Principles of Sufism". Amal Press. 2008.</ref> Alternatively, in the words of the [[Darqawa|Darqawi]] Sufi teacher [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]], "a science through which one can know how to travel into the [[Divine presence|presence of the Divine]], purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".<ref>An English translation of [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]]'s biography has been published by Fons Vitae.</ref>