Editing Space suit (section)

==List of space suit models==
<span class="anchor" id="Models of historical significance"></span>

===Soviet and Russian suit models===
* ''[[SK-1 spacesuit|SK series]] (CK)''{{Snd}}the spacesuit used for the [[Vostok program]] (1961–1963). Worn by [[Yuri Gagarin]] on the first crewed space flight.
* No pressure suits were worn aboard [[Voskhod 1]].
* ''[[Berkut spacesuit|Berkut]]'' (''Беркут'' meaning "[[golden eagle]]")''{{Snd}}''the spacesuit was a modified SK-1 used by the crew of [[Voskhod 2]] which included [[Alexei Leonov]] on the first [[spacewalk]] during (1965).
* From [[Soyuz 1]] to [[Soyuz 11]] (1967–1971) no pressure suits were worn during [[Rocket launch|launch]] and [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Yastreb]]'' (''Ястреб'' meaning "[[hawk]]")''{{Snd}}''extravehicular activity spacesuit used during a crew exchange between [[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]] (1969).
* [[Krechet-94]] (''Кречет'' meaning "[[gyrfalcon]]")''{{Snd}}''designed for the canceled Soviet crewed Moon landing.
* [[Strizh]] (''Стриж'' meaning "[[swift (bird)]]")''{{Snd}}''developed for pilots of ''[[Buran programme|Buran]]''-class orbiters.
* [[Sokol space suit|Sokol]] (''Сокол'' meaning "[[falcon]]")''{{Snd}}''suits worn by [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] crew members during launch and reentry. They were first worn on [[Soyuz 12]]. They have been used from 1973 to present.
* [[Orlan space suit|Orlan]] (''Орлан'' meaning "[[sea-eagle]]" or "[[bald eagle]]")''{{Snd}}''suits for extravehicular activity, originally developed for the Soviet lunar program as a lunar orbit EVA suit. It is Russia's current EVA suit. Used from 1977 to present.
<gallery mode=packed heights="150px" style="text-align:left">
Sk-1 spacesuit taken at the Memorial Museum of Space Exploration.jpg | SK-1 space suit
Berkut spacesuit.JPG |Berkut space suit
Yastreb suit.jpg | Yastreb space suit
Krechet space suit - Air and Space.jpg | Krechet space suit
Strizh spacesuit 4148047368 c19cec3782 o.jpg | Strizh space suit
Sokol KV2.JPG | [[Sokol space suit#Sokol-KV2|Sokol-KV2]] space suit
Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg | Orlan-MK space suit
</gallery>

===United States suit models===
*In the early 1950s, [[Siegfried Hansen]] and colleagues at [[Litton Industries]] designed and built a working hard-shell suit, which was used inside vacuum chambers and was the predecessor of space suits used in NASA missions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siegfried Hansen, Space Suit Father; Inventor Was 90 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/24/us/siegfried-hansen-space-suit-father-inventor-was-90.html |date=July 24, 2002 |access-date=February 9, 2008}}</ref>
*[[Navy Mark IV]] high-altitude/vacuum suit{{Snd}}used for [[Project Mercury]] (1961–1963).
*[[Gemini space suit|Gemini]] space suits (1965–1966){{Snd}}there were three main variants developed: G3C designed for intra-vehicle use; G4C specially designed for EVA and intra-vehicle use; and a special G5C suit worn by the [[Gemini 7]] crew for 14 days inside the spacecraft.
*[[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] MH-7 space suits for the canceled MOL program.
*[[Gemini space suit#Apollo program|Apollo Block I A1C]] suit (1966–1967){{Snd}}a derivative of the Gemini suit, worn by primary and backup crews in training for two early Apollo missions. The nylon pressure garment melted and burned through in the [[Apollo 1]] cabin fire. This suit became obsolete when crewed Block I Apollo flights were discontinued after the fire.
*[[Apollo/Skylab A7L]] EVA and Moon suits{{Snd}}The Block II Apollo suit was the primary pressure suit worn for eleven Apollo flights, three Skylab flights, and the US astronauts on the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] between 1968 and 1975. The pressure garment's nylon outer layer was replaced with fireproof [[Beta cloth]] after the Apollo 1 fire. This suit was the first to employ a liquid-cooled inner garment and outer micrometeoroid garment. Beginning with the [[Apollo 13]] mission, it also introduced "commander's stripes" so that a pair of space walkers will not appear identical on camera.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-CDRStripes.html
 | title =Commander's Stripes
 | last =Jones
 | first =Eric
 | date =20 February 2006
 | website =Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
 | publisher =NASA
 | access-date =7 April 2019
 | archive-date =June 28, 2021
 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210628114855/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-CDRStripes.html
 | url-status =dead
 }}</ref>
*[[Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit]]{{Snd}}used from [[STS-1]] (1981) to [[STS-4]] (1982) by a two-man crew used in conjunction with the then-installed [[ejection seat]]s. Derived from a [[United States Air Force|USAF]] model.<ref>[[#Thomas & McMann|Thomas & McMann 2006]], pp. 38, 368</ref> These were removed once the Shuttle became certified.
* From [[STS-5]] (1982) to [[STS-51-L]] (1986) no pressure suits were worn during launch and reentry. The crew would wear only a blue-[[flight suit]] with an oxygen helmet.
*[[Launch Entry Suit]] first used on [[STS-26]] (1988), the first flight after the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]]. It was a partial pressure suit derived from a USAF model.<ref>[[#Thomas & McMann|Thomas & McMann 2006]]</ref> It was used from 1988 to 1998.
*[[Advanced Crew Escape Suit]] used on the Space Shuttle starting in 1994.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica |title=ACES |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/aces.htm |access-date=June 19, 2013 |publisher=Mark Wade  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530174458/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/aces.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref> The Advanced Crew Escape Suit or ACES suit, is a full-pressure suit worn by all Space Shuttle crews for the ascent and entry portions of flight. The suit is a direct descendant of the [[United States Air Force]] high-altitude pressure suits worn by SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 spy plane pilots, [[North American X-15]] and [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] pilot-astronauts, and the Launch Entry Suits worn by NASA astronauts starting on the STS-26 flight. It is derived from a USAF model.
*[[Extravehicular Mobility Unit]] (EMU){{Snd}}used on both the Space Shuttle and [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The EMU is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Space Shuttle or ISS crew member to perform an EVA in [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]]. Used from 1982 to present, but only available in limited sizing as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koren |first1=Marina |title=The Original Sin of NASA Space Suits |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/03/nasa-spacesuit-women-spacewalk/585805/ |website=TheAtlantic.com |date=March 27, 2019 |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |access-date=29 March 2019 |quote=In the 1990s, several years after the first American women flew to space, budget cuts forced NASA to trim its space-suit program...The limited sizing affected some astronaut duties.}}</ref>
*Aerospace company [[SpaceX]] developed [[#SpaceX suit ("Starman suit")|an IVA suit]] which is worn by astronauts involved in [[Commercial Crew Program]] missions operated by SpaceX since the [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]] mission. As a continuation of this suit design, SpaceX developed an EVA suit in 2024. The EVA version of the suit was used during the [[Polaris Dawn]] private space mission for the first ever commercial spacewalk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX |url=http://www.spacex.com/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=SpaceX |language=en}}</ref>
*Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS){{Snd}}will be used during launch and re-entry on the [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion MPCV]]. It is derived from the Advanced Crew Escape Suit but is able to operate at a higher pressure and has improved mobility in the shoulders.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Shane E. Jacobs |author2=Donald B. Tufts |author3=Dustin M. Gohmert |title=Space Suit Development for Orion |url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/74166/ICES_2018_199.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706135314/https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/74166/ICES_2018_199.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-06 |url-status=live |website=48th International Conference on Environmental Systems |access-date=6 July 2019 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |date=8-12 July 2018}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="150px" style="text-align:left">
Alan shepard.jpg | Mercury suit
G4C EVA 12 - cropped.jpg | Gemini G4C suit
MOL spacesuit.jpg | Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit
Apollo 1 - Chaffee in Apollo Block I space suit.jpg | Apollo Block I A1C suit
Apollo 17 Cernan on moon cropped.jpg | Apollo/Skylab space suit
Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit John Young.jpg | Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit
STS 51-I emergency training - cropped.jpg | Shuttle Flight Suit
Launch entry suit.jpg | Launch Entry Suit
ACES STS-130.jpg | Advance Crew Escape Suit
STS-118 EVA EMU Suit.jpg| Extravehicular Mobility Unit
SpaceX Crew-3 Dry Dress Rehearsal (KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02 0013).jpg|SpaceX suit
</gallery>

==== SpaceX suit ("Starman suit") ====
In February 2015, [[SpaceX]] began developing a space suit for astronauts to wear within the [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] space capsule.<ref name=sx20150227>{{cite web |last1=Reisman |first1=Garrett |title=Statement of Garrett Reisman before the Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology U.S. House Of Representatives |url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/HHRG-114-SY16-WState-GReisman-20150227.pdf |website=science.house.gov |publisher=US House of Representatives publication of a SpaceX document provided to the committee |access-date=28 February 2015 |date=27 February 2015 |quote=Crew Dragon carries sufficient breathable gas stores to allow for a safe return to Earth in the event of a leak of up to an equivalent orifice of 0.25 inches in diameter. As an extra level of protection, the crew will wear SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event of even greater severity. The suits and the vehicle itself will be rated for operation at vacuum. |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923215310/https://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/HHRG-114-SY16-WState-GReisman-20150227.pdf  }}</ref> Its appearance was jointly designed by Jose Fernandez—a Hollywood [[costume designer]] known for his works for [[superhero film|superhero]] and [[science fiction film]]s—and SpaceX founder and CEO [[Elon Musk]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Guy|title=The Man Behind America's New Spacesuit: How Elon Musk Took Hollywood Costume Designer Jose Fernandez From Batman To NASA|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/guymartin/2020/05/29/the-man-behind-americas-spiffy-new-spacesuit-how-hollywood-costume-designer-jose-fernandez-got-from-batman-and-daft-punk-to-nasa/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bobb|first=Brooke|title=SpaceX's New Suits Were Built for Superheroes, But What Would Wonder Woman Wear into Orbit?|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/spacex-space-suits-women-astronauts|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Vogue|date=May 29, 2020|language=en}}</ref> The first images of the suit were revealed in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Etherington|first1=Darrell|title=Elon Musk shares first full-body photo of SpaceX's spacesuit|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/08/elon-musk-shares-first-full-body-photo-of-spacexs-spacesuit/|access-date=6 February 2018|publisher=Tech Crunch|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> A mannequin, called "Starman" (after [[David Bowie]]'s [[Starman (song)|song of the same name]]), wore the SpaceX space suit during the [[Falcon Heavy test flight|maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy]] in February 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Seemangal|first1=Robin|title=SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES THE FALCON HEAVY—AND ELON MUSK'S ROADSTER|url=https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-successfully-launches-the-falcon-heavyand-elon-musks-roadster/|access-date=6 February 2018|magazine=Wired|date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Specktor |first=Brandon|title=Starman's SpaceX Spacesuit Would Leave You Dead in Minutes|url=https://www.livescience.com/61705-starman-spacex-spacesuit.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=livescience.com|date=February 8, 2018|language=en}}</ref> For this exhibition launch, the suit was not pressurized and carried no sensors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SpaceX Just Launched a Tesla Into Space on the Most Powerful Rocket in the World|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/spacex-falcon-heavy-test-launch/|access-date=2023-02-08|website=vice.com
|series=Motherboard
|first=Daniel |last=Oberhaus
|date = 6 February 2018
|quote = Musk said at a press conference after the launch that there were no sensors in the suit.}}</ref>

The suit, which is suitable for vacuum, offers protection against cabin depressurization through a single tether at the astronaut's thigh that feeds air and electronic connections.  The helmets, which are 3D-printed, contain microphones and speakers. As the suits need the tether connection and do not offer protection against radiation, they are not used for extra-vehicular activities. The suits are custom-made for each astronaut.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howell|first=Elizabeth
|title=How SpaceX's sleek spacesuit changes astronaut fashion from the space shuttle era|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spacesuits-explained.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Space.com|date=May 22, 2020|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, NASA commercial crew astronauts [[Bob Behnken]], and [[Doug Hurley]] tested the spacesuit inside the Dragon 2 spacecraft in order to familiarize themselves with the suit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kooser |first1=Amanda |title=NASA astronauts test SpaceX spacesuits in the Crew Dragon |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-astronauts-test-spacex-spacesuits-in-the-crew-dragon/ |website=cnet.com |access-date=November 9, 2018 |language=en |date=November 6, 2018}}</ref> They wore it in the [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] flight launched on 30 May 2020.<ref name=":2" /> The suit is worn by astronauts involved in [[Commercial Crew Program]] missions involving SpaceX.

On 4 May 2024, SpaceX unveiled a spacesuit designed for extravehicular activity based on the IVA suit for [[Polaris Dawn]] mission in [[Polaris program]]. As with the IVA suit, the helmets are [[3D-printed]], though the [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]] helmet incorporates a [[Head-up display|heads-up display]] providing information and a [[camera]] on suit metrics during operation. It is more mobile, includes new [[thermal insulation]] [[Textile|fabrics]], and materials used [[Falcon]]’s [[interstage]] and [[Crew Dragon]]’s  external unpressurized trunk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polaris Dawn |url=https://polarisprogram.com/dawn/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Polaris Program |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Future NASA contracted suits====
On 1 June 2022, NASA announced it had selected competing [[Axiom Space]] and [[Collins Aerospace]] to develop and provide astronauts with next generation spacesuit and spacewalk systems to first test and later use outside the International Space Station, as well as on the lunar surface for the crewed [[Artemis program|Artemis missions]], and prepare for human missions to Mars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-partners-with-industry-for-new-spacewalking-moonwalking-services|date=June 1, 2021 |title=NASA Partners with Industry for New Spacewalking, Moonwalking Services |work=NASA |access-date=June 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name="SpaceNews 2022">{{cite web | title=NASA selects Axiom Space and Collins Aerospace for spacesuit contracts | website=SpaceNews | date=2022-06-01 | url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-axiom-space-and-collins-aerospace-for-spacesuit-contracts/ | access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Axiom Space, Prada Unveil Spacesuit Design for Moon Return |url=https://www.axiomspace.com/release/prada-axiom-suit |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Axiom Space |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Chinese suit models===
* [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] (曙光, meaning "Dawn") space suit : First generation EVA space suit developed by China for the 1967 canceled ''[[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Project 714]]'' crewed space program. It has a mass of about {{convert|10|kg|sigfig=1}}, has an orange colour, and is made of high-resistance multi-layer polyester fabric. The astronaut could use it inside the cabin and conduct an EVA as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.costind.gov.cn/n435777/n509091/n509092/24810.html|title=为中华航天史册再添辉煌|publisher=国防科工委新闻宣传中心|date=November 14, 2005|access-date=July 22, 2008}}{{Dead link |date=June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tech.tom.com/1121/1122/2005919-251558.html |title=航天服充压实验 |publisher=雷霆万钧 |date=September 19, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222024937/http://tech.tom.com/1121/1122/2005919-251558.html |archive-date=December 22, 2005 |access-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tech.tom.com/1121/1122/2005916-250971.html |title=中国最早研制的航天服为桔黄色 重10千克 |publisher=雷霆万钧 |date=September 16, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128053126/http://tech.tom.com/1121/1122/2005916-250971.html |archive-date=November 28, 2005 |access-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>
* '''[[Project 863]]'' space suit: Cancelled project of second generation Chinese EVA space suit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lib.buaa.edu.cn/buaa/detail_degreethesis.jsp?channelid=75044&record=8443|title=舱外航天服液冷服散热特性研究|publisher= 北京航空航天大学图书馆|date=March 1, 2000|access-date=July 23, 2008}}{{Dead link |date=June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Shenzhou IVA]] (神舟, meaning "Divine Vessel") space suit: The suit was first worn by [[Yang Liwei]] on [[Shenzhou 5]], the first crewed Chinese space flight, it closely resembles a [[Sokol space suit#Sokol-KV2|Sokol-KV2]] suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Testimony of James Oberg: Senate Science, Technology, and Space Hearing: International Space Exploration Program |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=12687 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910032342/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=12687 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 10, 2012 |work=SpaceRef |publisher=SpaceRef Interactive Inc. |location=Reston, VA |date=April 27, 2004 |access-date=April 12, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[[#Seedhouse|Seedhouse 2010]], p. 180</ref> Pictures show that the suits on [[Shenzhou 6]] differ in detail from the earlier suit; they are also reported to be lighter.<ref>{{cite news |title=China Ramps Up Human Spaceflight Efforts |first=Tariq |last=Malik |url=http://www.space.com/488-china-ramps-human-spaceflight-efforts.html |work=[[Space.com]] |publisher=[[TechMediaNetwork, Inc.]] |date=November 8, 2004 |access-date=June 19, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Orlan spacesuit|Haiying]] (海鹰, meaning "Sea Hawk") EVA space suit: The imported Russian [[Orlan space suit#M model|Orlan-M]] EVA suit is called ''Haiying''. Used on [[Shenzhou 7]].
* [[Feitian space suit|Feitian]] (飞天, meaning "Sky Flyer") EVA space suit: Indigenously developed Chinese-made EVA space suit also used for the Shenzhou 7 mission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20080722/n258298683.shtml|title=神七准备中俄产两套航天服 出舱者穿国产航天服|publisher= [[搜狐]]|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=July 22, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The suit was designed for a spacewalk mission of up to seven hours.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's astronaut outfitters design material for spacewalk suits |editor-last=Xiao Jie |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-06/01/content_6182498.htm |work=English.news.cn |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=Beijing |date=June 1, 2007 |access-date=June 1, 2007  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125005254/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-06/01/content_6182498.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2008 }}</ref> Chinese astronauts have been training in the out-of-capsule space suits since July 2007, and movements are seriously restricted in the suits, with a mass of more than {{convert|110|kg}} each.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/6218810.html |title=Chinese astronauts begin training for spacewalk |agency=Xinhua News Agency |work=[[People's Daily|People's Daily Online]] |publisher=[[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] |location=Beijing |date=July 18, 2007|access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> A new generation of Feitian space suit has been used since 2021 as the construction of [[Tiangong Space Station]] began.

<gallery mode=packed heights="150px" style="text-align:left">
Yang Liwei space suit.JPG | Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit
Chinese EVA spacesuit (1).JPG | Feitian space suit
Feitian space suit at NMC 01.jpg|Second generation of Feitian space suit
</gallery>