Editing Shanghai (section)

===Structure===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+ Current leaders of the Shanghai Municipal Government
|-
!
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Danghui.svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg|25px]]
|-
! Title
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress|SMPC]] Chairwoman'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Shanghai [[CPPCC]] Chairman'''
|-
! Name
| [[Chen Jining]]
| [[Huang Lixin]]
| [[Gong Zheng]]
| [[Hu Wenrong]]
|-
! [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|Ancestral home]]
| [[Lishu County|Lishu]], [[Jilin]]|| [[Suqian]], [[Jiangsu]]|| [[Suzhou, Jiangsu]] || [[Putian]], [[Fujian]]
|-
! Born
| {{Birth year and age|1964|02}}|| {{Birth year and age|1962|08}}|| {{Birth year and age|1960|03}} || {{Birth year and age|1964|07}}
|-
! Assumed office
| October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=CPC reshuffles Shanghai Party chief-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028025233/https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= |script-title=zh:黄莉新当选上海市人大常委会主任 |trans-title=Huang Lixin was elected chairwoman of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/20240124/fd33d8cccb1c44e894d6c0525db66603/c.html%BB%E3%80%82 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh-cn}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| March 2020<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566|script-title=zh:龚正正式出任上海代市长|publisher=[[Lianhe Zaobao]]|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020|language=zh-cn|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324072716/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566|url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 2023<ref name="Dong Yunhu">{{cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title= |script-title=zh:胡文容当选上海市政协主席 |trans-title=Hu Wenrong has been elected chairman of Shanghai CPPCC |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=zh-CN |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114182654/http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
[[File:Shanghai Government Building.jpg|thumb|Shanghai Municipal Government building]]

Like all [[Politics of China|governing institutions in mainland China]], Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|title=Understanding China's Political System|last1=Lawrence|first1=Susan|last2=Martin|first2=Michael|date=20 March 2013|website=Federation of American Scientists|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2012|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> in which the [[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]], officially termed the [[Chinese Communist Party]] Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？|trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have?|date=23 January 2007|script-work=zh:人民论坛|publisher=[[People's Daily]] Press|language=zh-cn|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP committee]] acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary), and has control over the [[Shanghai Municipal People's Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:中国共产党上海市委员会 |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425132615/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=shtong.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市委常委名单+简历|publisher=经济日报-中国经济网|date=4 September 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501050811/http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since [[Jiang Zemin]] became the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] in June 1989, all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]], the ''de facto'' highest decision-making body in China,<ref name="PoliticalSystem" /> including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Jiang Zemin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=13 September 2011 |date=19 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119135557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |archive-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zhu Rongji]] (Premier),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Former Premier Who Ended China's 'Splendid Isolation' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 March 2003 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122757/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wu Bangguo]] (NPC Chairman),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Wu Bangguo |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122041621/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Huang Ju]] (Vice Premier),<ref>{{cite news |title=Huang Ju, Powerful Chinese Official, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Jim |last=Yardley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717152632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Xi Jinping]] (current General Secretary),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Xi Jinping |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yu Zhengsheng]] (CPPCC Chairman),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Yu Zhengsheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020754/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Han Zheng]] (Vice Premier and Vice President),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Han Zheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020755/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Li Qiang]] (Premier). [[Zeng Qinghong]], a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Graft Inquiry, Chinese See a Shake-Up Coming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218084726/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Li Xi (politician)|Li Xi]], another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary of [[Central Commission for Discipline Inspection|CCDI]] member in 2022. The only exception is [[Chen Liangyu]], who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of [[Corruption in China|corruption]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Former Shanghai Party chief gets 18-year term for bribery |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |work = [[Xinhua News]] |date = 11 April 2008 |access-date = 13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091206061210/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |archive-date = 6 December 2009}}</ref>

Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the [[Shanghai Clique]], which has often been viewed as competing against the rival [[Youth League Faction]] over personnel appointments and policy decisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Factions Help Drive Modern China History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Ted |last=Plafker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012200255/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Xi Jinping, successor to [[Hu Jintao]] as General Secretary and [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]], was largely an independent leader and took [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|anti-corruption campaigns]] on both factions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Xi Jinping has no need of factions in the Communist Party |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |newspaper=This Week in Asia |last=Wang |first=Xiangwei |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>