Editing Sexism (section)

=== Gap in hiring ===

Research has repeatedly shown that mothers in the United States are less likely to be hired than equally qualified fathers and if hired, receive a lower salary than male applicants with children.<ref name="Folbre 2009" /><ref name="Goodman 2007" /><ref name="Correll 2007" /><ref name="Aloi 2005" />

One study found that female applicants were favored; however, its results have been met with skepticism from other researchers, since it contradicts most other studies on the issue. Joan C. Williams, a distinguished professor at the University of California's Hastings College of Law, raised issues with its methodology, pointing out that the fictional female candidates it used were unusually well-qualified. Studies using more moderately qualified graduate students have found that male students are much more likely to be hired, offered better salaries, and offered mentorship.<ref>{{cite journal |title=National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track |author=Wendy M. Williams |doi=10.1073/pnas.1418878112 |pmid=25870272 |volume=112 |issue=17 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |pages=5360–5365 |year=2015 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.5360W |pmc=4418903 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/14/study-finds-surprisingly-that-women-are-favored-for-jobs-in-stem/ |title=Study finds, surprisingly, that women are favored for jobs in STEM |author=Sarah Kaplan |date=April 14, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref>

In Europe, studies based on field experiments in the labor market, provide evidence for no severe levels of discrimination based on female gender. However, unequal treatment is still measured in particular situations, for instance, when candidates apply for positions at a higher functional level in Belgium,<ref name="Baert 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Baert |first1=S. |last2=De Pauw |first2=A.-S. |last3=Deschacht |first3=N. |year=2016 |title=Do Employer Preferences Contribute to Sticky Floors? |journal=[[Industrial and Labor Relations Review]] |volume=69 |issue=3 |page=714736 |doi=10.1177/0019793915625213 |s2cid=53589814 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5960457 |hdl=1854/LU-5960457 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> when they apply at their fertile ages in France,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petit |first=P. |year=2007 |title=The effects of age and family constraints on gender hiring discrimination: A field experiment in the French financial sector |journal=[[Labour Economics (journal)|Labour Economics]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=371–391 |doi=10.1016/j.labeco.2006.01.006}}</ref> and when they apply for male-dominated occupations in Austria.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weichselbaumer |first=D. |year=2004 |title=Is it sex or personality? The impact of sex stereotypes on discrimination in applicant selection |journal=[[Eastern Economic Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=159–186 |jstor=40326127}}</ref>