Editing Serotonin (section)

====Organ development====
Since serotonin signals resource availability it is not surprising that it affects organ development. Many human and animal studies have shown that nutrition in early life can influence, in adulthood, such things as body fatness, blood lipids, blood pressure, [[atherosclerosis]], behavior, learning, and longevity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozanne SE, Hales CN | title = Lifespan: catch-up growth and obesity in male mice | journal = Nature | volume = 427 | issue = 6973 | pages = 411–412 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14749819 | doi = 10.1038/427411b | s2cid = 40256021 | bibcode = 2004Natur.427..411O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis DS, Bertrand HA, McMahan CA, McGill HC, Carey KD, Masoro EJ | title = Preweaning food intake influences the adiposity of young adult baboons | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 899–905 | date = October 1986 | pmid = 3760191 | pmc = 423712 | doi = 10.1172/JCI112678 }}</ref><ref name="Hahn1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hahn P | title = Effect of litter size on plasma cholesterol and insulin and some liver and adipose tissue enzymes in adult rodents | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 114 | issue = 7 | pages = 1231–1234 | date = July 1984 | pmid = 6376732 | doi = 10.1093/jn/114.7.1231 }}</ref> Rodent experiment shows that neonatal exposure to SSRIs makes persistent changes in the serotonergic transmission of the brain resulting in behavioral changes,<ref name="pmid18385313">{{cite journal | vauthors = Popa D, Léna C, Alexandre C, Adrien J | title = Lasting syndrome of depression produced by reduction in serotonin uptake during postnatal development: evidence from sleep, stress, and behavior | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 28 | issue = 14 | pages = 3546–3554 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18385313 | pmc = 6671102 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4006-07.2008 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16012532">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maciag D, Simpson KL, Coppinger D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Lin RC, Paul IA | title = Neonatal antidepressant exposure has lasting effects on behavior and serotonin circuitry | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–57 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16012532 | pmc = 3118509 | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1300823 }}</ref> which are reversed by treatment with antidepressants.<ref name="pmid16483567">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maciag D, Williams L, Coppinger D, Paul IA | title = Neonatal citalopram exposure produces lasting changes in behavior which are reversed by adult imipramine treatment | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 532 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–269 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16483567 | pmc = 2921633 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.081 }}</ref> By treating normal and [[Knockout mouse|knockout mice]] lacking the serotonin transporter with fluoxetine scientists showed that normal emotional reactions in adulthood, like a short latency to escape foot shocks and inclination to explore new environments were dependent on active serotonin transporters during the neonatal period.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holden C | title = Neuroscience. Prozac treatment of newborn mice raises anxiety | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5697 | pages = 792 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15514122 | doi = 10.1126/science.306.5697.792 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ansorge MS, Zhou M, Lira A, Hen R, Gingrich JA | title = Early-life blockade of the 5-HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5697 | pages = 879–881 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15514160 | doi = 10.1126/science.1101678 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004Sci...306..879A }}</ref>

Human serotonin can also act as a [[growth factor]] directly. Liver damage increases cellular expression of [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] and [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor]]s, mediating liver compensatory regrowth (see {{section link|Liver|Regeneration and transplantation}})<ref name="pmid16601191">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lesurtel M, Graf R, Aleil B, Walther DJ, Tian Y, Jochum W, Gachet C, Bader M, Clavien PA | title = Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5770 | pages = 104–107 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16601191 | doi = 10.1126/science.1123842 | s2cid = 43189753 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312..104L }}</ref> Serotonin present in the blood then stimulates cellular growth to repair liver damage.<ref name="pmid19246633">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matondo RB, Punt C, Homberg J, Toussaint MJ, Kisjes R, Korporaal SJ, Akkerman JW, Cuppen E, de Bruin A | title = Deletion of the serotonin transporter in rats disturbs serotonin homeostasis without impairing liver regeneration | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology | volume = 296 | issue = 4 | pages = G963–G968 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19246633 | doi = 10.1152/ajpgi.90709.2008 | url = http://www.suaire.suanet.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2619 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191228005416/http://www.suaire.suanet.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2619 | archive-date = 28 December 2019 }}</ref>

5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptors also activate [[osteocyte]]s, which build up bone<ref name="pmid17846081">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collet C, Schiltz C, Geoffroy V, Maroteaux L, Launay JM, de Vernejoul MC | title = The serotonin 5-HT2B receptor controls bone mass via osteoblast recruitment and proliferation | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 418–427 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17846081 | pmc = 5409955 | doi = 10.1096/fj.07-9209com | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, serotonin also inhibits [[osteoblast]]s, through 5-HT<sub>1B</sub> receptors.<ref name="pmid19041748">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yadav VK, Ryu JH, Suda N, Tanaka KF, Gingrich JA, Schütz G, Glorieux FH, Chiang CY, Zajac JD, Insogna KL, Mann JJ, Hen R, Ducy P, Karsenty G | title = Lrp5 controls bone formation by inhibiting serotonin synthesis in the duodenum | journal = Cell | volume = 135 | issue = 5 | pages = 825–837 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19041748 | pmc = 2614332 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.059 }}
* {{cite press release |date=December 1, 2008 |title=It Takes Guts To Build Bone, Scientists Discover |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081126122209.htm}}</ref>