Editing Salmon (section)

==Farms==
{{More citations needed|1=section|date=April 2023}}

[[File:Time series for global aquaculture of true salmon.png|thumb|upright=1.8|left|Aquaculture production in tonnes of all true salmon species 1950–2010, as reported by the [[FAO]]<ref name=FAOdata />]]
[[File:Fish farming in Torskefjorden, Senja, Troms, Norway, 2014 August.jpg|thumb|Salmon farming [[sea cage]] in Torskefjorden, [[Senja]] Island, [[Troms]], [[Norway]]]]
{{Main|Aquaculture of salmon}}
Salmon [[aquaculture]] is a major contributor to the world production of farmed finfish, representing about US$10&nbsp;billion annually. Other commonly cultured fish species include [[tilapia]], [[catfish]], [[Barred sand bass|sea bass]], [[carp]] and [[bream]]. Salmon farming is significant in [[Chile]], [[Norway]], [[Scotland]], Canada and the [[Faroe Islands]]; it is the source for most salmon consumed in the United States and Europe. Atlantic salmon are also, in very small volumes, farmed in Russia and [[Tasmania]], Australia.

Salmon are [[carnivorous]], and need to be fed meals produced from catching other wild [[forage fish]] and other marine organisms. Salmon farming leads to a high demand for wild [[forage fish]]. As a predator, salmon require large nutritional intakes of [[protein]], and farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product. On a dry weight basis, 2–4&nbsp;kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce one kilogram of salmon.<ref>{{cite web | first = Rosamond L. | last = Naylor | title = Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming | url = http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/solutions/documents/science1998.pdf | publisher = Science; 10/30/98, Vol. 282 Issue 5390, p883 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326171021/http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/solutions/documents/science1998.pdf | archive-date = 26 March 2009}}</ref> As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more forage fish for feed, at a time when 75% of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their [[maximum sustainable yield]].<ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | date = 2005 | title = It's all about salmon | url = http://www.seafoodchoices.com/resources/afishianado_pdfs/Salmon_Spring05.pdf | url-status = usurped | publisher = [[Seafood Choices Alliance]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095748/http://www.seafoodchoices.com/resources/afishianado_pdfs/Salmon_Spring05.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2015 }}</ref> The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming affects the survivability of other wild predatory fish which rely on them for food. Research is ongoing into sustainable and plant-based salmon feeds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date=2019-12-30 |title=Feeds for Aquaculture {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/feeds-aquaculture |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=NOAA |language=en}}</ref>

Intensive salmon farming uses open-net cages, which have low production costs. It has the drawback of allowing disease and [[sea lice]] to spread to local wild salmon stocks.<ref>{{cite news | title = Fish farms drive wild salmon populations toward extinction | date = 13 December 2007 | url = http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-12/s-ffd120707.php | publisher = [[SeaWeb]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181125114015/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-12/s-ffd120707.php | archive-date = 25 November 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>

[[File:Salmon newborn.jpg|thumb|right|Artificially incubated [[chum salmon]] [[juvenile fish|fries]]]]
Another form of salmon production, which is safer but less controllable, is to raise salmon in [[hatchery|hatcheries]] until they are old enough to become independent. They are released into rivers in an attempt to increase the salmon population. This system is referred to as [[ranching]]. It was very common in countries such as Sweden, before the Norwegians developed salmon farming, but is seldom done by private companies. As anyone may catch the salmon when they return to spawn, a company is limited in benefiting financially from their investment.

Because of this, the ranching method has mainly been used by various public authorities and non-profit groups, such as the [[Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association]], as a way to increase salmon populations in situations where they have declined due to [[overharvest]]ing, construction of [[dam]]s and [[habitat destruction]] or [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]]. Negative consequences to this sort of population manipulation include genetic "dilution" of the wild stocks. Many jurisdictions are now beginning to discourage supplemental fish planting in favour of harvest controls, and habitat improvement and protection.

A variant method of [[fish stocking]], called ocean ranching, is under development in [[Alaska]]. There, the young salmon are released into the ocean far from any wild salmon streams. When it is time for them to spawn, they return to where they were released, where fishermen can catch them.

An alternative method to hatcheries is to use spawning channels. These are [[canal|artificial stream]]s, usually parallel to an existing stream, with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond, to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods, which in some years can wash out the natural redds. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods that destroy natural redds also clean the regular streams. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams, as there is no benefit, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases.{{Citation needed | date = May 2019 }}

Farm-raised salmon are fed the carotenoids [[astaxanthin]] and [[canthaxanthin]] to match their flesh colour to wild salmon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seafoodmonitor.com/sample/salmon.html |title=Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-colored Salmon |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013221146/http://seafoodmonitor.com/sample/salmon.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> to improve their marketability.<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Guilford | first1 = Gwynn | title = Here's why your farmed salmon has color added to it | url = http://qz.com/358811/heres-why-your-farmed-salmon-has-color-added-to-it/ | access-date = 12 March 2015 | work = [[Quartz (publication)]] | date = 12 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150313094123/http://qz.com/358811/heres-why-your-farmed-salmon-has-color-added-to-it/ | archive-date = 13 March 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> Wild salmon get these [[carotenoid]]s, primarily astaxanthin, from eating [[shellfish]] and [[krill]].

One proposed alternative to the use of wild-caught fish as feed for the salmon, is the use of [[soy]]-based products. This should be better for the local environment of the fish farm, but producing soy beans has a high environmental cost for the producing region. The fish omega-3 fatty acid content would be reduced compared to fish-fed salmon.

Another possible alternative is a yeast-based coproduct of [[bioethanol]] production, [[protein]]aceous fermentation biomass. Substituting such products for engineered feed can result in equal (sometimes enhanced) growth in fish.<ref name="autogenerated56">{{cite web | date = November 2010 | title = The Future of Aquafeeds: DRAFT for public comment | url = http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/pdf/feeds/aquafeedsrept_nov2010.pdf | url-status = dead | publisher = NOAA/USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015043844/http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/pdf/feeds/aquafeedsrept_nov2010.pdf | archive-date = 15 October 2011 | page = 56}}</ref> With its increasing availability, this would address the problems of rising costs for buying hatchery [[fish feed]].

Yet another attractive alternative is the increased use of [[seaweed]]. Seaweed provides essential minerals and vitamins for growing organisms. It offers the advantage of providing natural amounts of [[dietary fiber]] and having a lower [[glycemic load]] than grain-based [[fish meal]].<ref name="autogenerated56"/> In the best-case scenario, widespread use of seaweed could yield a future in aquaculture that eliminates the need for land, freshwater, or fertilizer to raise fish.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130214173631/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Salmon-Recovery-Planning/index.cfm Salmon Recovery Planning]. nwr.noaa.gov. p. 57.</ref>{{Failed verification | date = May 2019}}