Editing Søren Kierkegaard (section)

===Later-20th-century reception===
{{over-quotation|date=May 2019}}
William Hubben compared Kierkegaard to Dostoevsky in his 1952 book ''Four Prophets of Our Destiny'', later titled ''Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka''.

{{Blockquote|Logic and human reasoning are inadequate to comprehend truth, and in this emphasis Dostoevsky speaks entirely the language of Kierkegaard, of whom he had never heard. Christianity is a way of life, an existential condition. Again, like Kierkegaard, who affirmed that suffering is the climate in which man's soul begins to breathe. Dostoevsky stresses the function of suffering as part of God's revelation of truth to man. ''Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka'' by William Hubben 1952 McMillan p. 83}}

In 1955, [[Morton White]] wrote about the word "exists" and Kierkegaard's idea of God's ''is-ness''.

{{Blockquote|The word "exists" is one of the most pivotal and controversial in philosophy. Some philosophers think of it as having one meaning: the sense in which we say that this book exists, that God does or does not exist, that there exist odd numbers between 8 and 20, that a characteristic like redness exists as well as things that are red, that the American government exists as well as the physical building in which the government is housed, that minds exist as well as bodies. And when the word "exists" is construed in this unambiguous way, many famous disputes in the history of philosophy and theology appear to be quite straightforward. Theists affirm that God exists while atheists deny the very same statement; materialists say that matter exists while some idealists think that it is illusory; nominalists, as they are called, deny the existence of characteristics like redness while platonic realists affirm it; some kinds of behaviorists deny that there are minds inside bodies. There is, however, a tendency among some philosophers, to insist that the word "exists" is ambiguous and therefore that some of these disputes are not disputes at all but merely the results of mutual misunderstanding, of a failure to see that certain things are said to exist in one sense while others exist in another. One of the outstanding efforts of this kind in the twentieth century occurs in the early writings of realists who maintained that only concrete things in space and time exist, while abstract characteristics of things or relations between them should be said to subsist. This is sometimes illustrated by pointing out that while Chicago and St. Louis both exist at definite places, the relation ''more populous than'' which holds between them exists neither in Chicago nor in St. Louis nor in the area between them, but is nevertheless something about which we can speak, something that is usually assigned to a timeless and spaceless realm like that of which Plato spoke. On this view, however, human minds or personalities are also said to exist in spite of being non-material. In short, the great divide is between abstract subsistents and concrete existents, but both human personalities and physical objects are existents and do not share in the spacelessness and timelessness of platonic ideas.

So far as one can see, Kierkegaard too distinguishes different senses of "exists", except that he appears to need at least ''three'' distinct senses for which he should supply three distinct words. First of all he needs one for statements about God, and so he says that God ''is''. Secondly, and by contrast, persons or personalities are said to ''exist''. It would appear then that he needs some third term for physical objects, which on his view are very different from God and persons, but since existentialists don't seem to be very interested in physical objects or "mere" things, they appear to get along with two. The great problem for Kierkegaard is to relate God's ''is-ness'', if I may use that term for the moment, to human existence, and this he tries to solve by appealing to the Incarnation. Christ's person is the existent outgrowth of God who is. By what is admittedly a mysterious process the abstract God enters a concrete existent. We must accept this on faith and faith alone, for clearly it cannot be like the process whereby one existent is related to another; it involves a passage from one realm to another which is not accessible to the human mind, Christians who lacked this faith and who failed to live by it were attacked by Kierkegaard; this was the theological root of his violent criticism of the Established Church of Denmark. It is one source of his powerful influence on contemporary theology.
* ''20th Century Philosophers, The Age of Analysis'', selected with introduction and commentary by Morton White 1955 pp. 118–121 Houghton Mifflin Co}}

[[John Daniel Wild]] noted as early as 1959 that Kierkegaard's works had been "translated into almost every important living language including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, and it is now fair to say that his ideas are almost as widely known and as influential in the world as those of his great opponent Hegel, still the most potent of world philosophers."<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001399497 ''Human freedom and social order; an essay in Christian philosophy''.] 1959 p.133</ref>

[[File:Mortimer Adler.jpg|thumb|[[Mortimer Adler]]]]
[[Mortimer J. Adler]] wrote the following about Kierkegaard in 1962:  <blockquote>For Kierkegaard, man is essentially an individual, not a member of a species or race; and ethical and religious truth is known through individual existence and decision—through subjectivity, not objectivity. Systems of thought and a dialectic such as Hegel's are matters merely of thought, which cannot comprise individual existence and decision. Such systems leave out, said Kierkegaard, the unique and essential "spermatic point, the individual, ethically and religiously conceived, and existentially accentuated". Similarly in the works of the American author Henry David Thoreau, writing at the same time as Kierkegaard, there is an emphasis on the solitary individual as the bearer of ethical responsibility, who, when he is right, carries the preponderant ethical weight against the state, government, and a united public opinion, when they are wrong. The solitary individual with right on his side is always "a majority of one". ''Ethics, the study of moral values'', by Mortimer J. Adler and Seymour Cain. Pref. by William Ernest Hocking. 1962 p. 252</blockquote>

In 1964 Life Magazine traced the history of existentialism from [[Heraclitus]] (500BC) and [[Parmenides]] over the argument over The Unchanging One as the real and the state of flux as the real. From there to the Old Testament Psalms and then to Jesus and later from [[Jacob Boehme]] (1575–1624) to [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) and [[Blaise Pascal]] (1623–1662) and then on to Nietzsche and Paul Tillich. Dostoevsky and Camus are attempts to rewrite Descartes according to their own lights and Descartes is the forefather of Sartre through the fact that they both used a "literary style". The article goes on to say,

{{Blockquote| But the orthodox, textbook precursor of modern existentialism was the Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), a lonely, hunchbacked writer who denounced the established church and rejected much of the then-popular German idealism—in which thought and ideas, rather than things perceived through the senses, were held to constitute reality. He built a philosophy based in part on the idea of permanent cleavage between faith and reason. This was an existentialism which still had room for a God whom Sartre later expelled, but which started the great pendulum-swing toward the modern concepts of the absurd. Kierkegaard spent his life thinking existentially and converting remarkably few to his ideas. But when it comes to the absurdity of existence, war is a great convincer; and it was at the end of World War I that two German philosophers, [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Martin Heidegger]], took up Kierkegaard's ideas, elaborated and systematized them. By the 1930s Kierkegaard's thinking made new impact on French intellectuals who, like Sartre, were nauseated by the static pre-Munich hypocrisy of the European middle class. After World War II, with the human condition more precarious than ever, with humanity facing the mushroom-shaped ultimate absurdity, existentialism and our time came together in [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].
* "Existentialism", ''Life'', November 6, 1964, Volume 57, No. 19 {{ISSN|0024-3019}} Published by Time Inc. pp. 86, 102–103}}

Kierkegaard's comparatively early and manifold philosophical and theological reception in Germany was one of the decisive factors of expanding his works' influence and readership throughout the world.{{sfn|Stewart|2009}}{{sfn|Bösl|1997|p=13}} Important for the first phase of his reception in Germany was the establishment of the journal ''Zwischen den Zeiten'' (''Between the Ages'') in 1922 by a heterogeneous circle of Protestant theologians: [[Karl Barth]], [[Emil Brunner]], [[Rudolf Bultmann]] and [[Friedrich Gogarten]].{{sfn|Bösl|1997|p=14}} Their thought would soon be referred to as [[dialectical theology]].{{sfn|Bösl|1997|p=14}}
At roughly the same time, Kierkegaard was discovered by several proponents of the Jewish-Christian [[philosophy of dialogue]] in Germany, namely by [[Martin Buber]], [[Ferdinand Ebner]], and [[Franz Rosenzweig]].{{sfn|Bösl|1997|pp=16–17}} In addition to the philosophy of dialogue, [[existential philosophy]] has its point of origin in Kierkegaard and [[Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard#Individuality|his concept of individuality]].{{sfn|Bösl|1997|p=17}} Martin Heidegger sparsely refers to Kierkegaard in ''[[Being and Time]]'' (1927),<ref>Heidegger, ''Sein und Zeit'', Notes to pp. 190, 235, 338.</ref> obscuring how much he owes to him.{{sfn|Bösl|1997|p=19}}{{sfn|Beck|1928}}{{sfn|Wyschogrod|1954}} [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]] discussed Sartre, Jaspers, and Heidegger in relation to Kierkegaard, and Kierkegaard in relation to the crisis of religion in the 1960s.<ref>Audio recordings of Kaufmann's lectures [https://archive.org/search.php?query=walter%20kaufmann Archive.org]</ref> Later, Kierkegaard's ''[[Fear and Trembling]]'' (Series Two) and ''[[The Sickness Unto Death]]'' (Series Three) were included in the [[Penguin Great Ideas]] Series (Two and Three).<ref>[http://www.goodreads.com/list/show/30869.Penguin_Great_Ideas Penguin Great Ideas] Goodreads</ref>