Editing Roe v. Wade (section)

=== Support for ''Roe'' and abortion rights ===
==== 1960s–1970s ====
In the 1960s, there was an alliance between the [[population control movement]] and the [[abortion-rights movement in the United States]].<ref name=ziegler98/> [[Abortion rights]] were especially supported by younger women within the [[population control]] movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2015|p=103}}</ref> The cooperation was mostly due to [[feminists]] who wanted some of the popularity already enjoyed by the population control movement.{{citationneeded|date=May 2024}} In addition, population control advocates thought that legalizing abortion would help solve the coming population crisis that demographers had projected.<ref name=ziegler98/>

In 1973, [[Hugh Moore (businessman)|Hugh Moore]]'s [[Population Crisis Committee]] and [[John D. Rockefeller III]]'s [[Population Council]] both publicly supported abortion rights following ''Roe''.<ref name=ziegler117>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2015|p=117}}</ref> Previously, public support for abortion rights within the population control movement instead came from less established organizations such as [[Zero Population Growth]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2013|p=19}}</ref> An exception was [[Planned Parenthood-World Population]], which supported repealing all laws against abortion in 1969.<ref>In 1969, Planned Parenthood-World Population took a position in favor of repealing all laws against abortion; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC&pg=PA744 Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook] by Karen O'Connor, London: SAGE Publications, 2010, page 744; the Planned Parenthood organization had merged with the World Population Emergency Campaign organization in 1961 to create Planned Parenthood-World Population; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=rwU3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA916 Population Crisis], Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Foreign Aid Expenditures of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, Eighty-Ninth Congress, First Session on S. 1676, June 29; July 9–24, 1965, Part 2-A, page 916; the merger occurred during a shift within the birth control movement away from individual health and towards population control; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=SNs1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6742 Competitive Problems in the Drug Industry], Hearings before the Subcommittee on Monopoly of the Select Committee on Small Business. United States Senate, Ninety-First Congress, First session on Present Status of Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry, February 24 – March 4, 1970, Part 16, Oral Contraceptives (Volume Two), page 6742</ref> Together, population control and abortion rights advocates voiced the benefits of legalized abortion such as smaller welfare costs, fewer illegitimate births, and slower population growth.<ref name=ziegler98/> At the same time, the use of these arguments put them at odds with [[civil-rights movement]] leaders and [[Black Power]] activists who were concerned that abortion would be used to eliminate non-whites.<ref name=ziegler98>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2015|p=98}}</ref> [[H. Rap Brown]] denounced abortion as "black genocide",<ref name=ziegler115>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2015|p=115}}</ref> and [[Dick Gregory]] said that his "answer to genocide, quite simply, is eight Black kids and another one on the way."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4eA77qau0C&pg=PA215|title=Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power|first1=David T.|last1=Beito|first2=Linda Royster|last2=Beito|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2009|page=215|isbn=978-0-252-03420-6 }}</ref>

Soon after ''Roe'', the population control movement suffered setbacks, which caused the movement to lose political support and instead appear divisive.<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2013|p=35}}</ref> On June 27, 1973, a lawsuit was filed concerning [[the Relf sisters]], 14-year-old Minnie Lee and her 12-year-old sister Alice Lee. A worker at a federally-funded family planning clinic lied to their illiterate mother, saying they would get birth control shots. Instead, the Relf sisters were sterilized without their knowledge or consent.<ref>[https://voicesofthecivilrightsmovement.com/video-collection/2015/12/04/relf-sisters-sue-for-involuntary-sterilization Relf Sisters Sue for Involuntary Sterilization], Moments in the Civil Rights Movement, ''Voices of the Civil Rights Movement'', ''Comcast/NBC Universal'', April 4, 2015</ref> During the next fifteen months, 80 additional women came forward about their forced sterilizations, all belonging to minority races. Concerns rose that abortions would also become compulsory.<ref name="ziegler117"/> During the 1974 [[World Population Conference]] in [[Bucharest]], Romania, most developing nations argued that the developed nations' focus on population growth was an attempt to avoid solving the deeper causes of underdevelopment, such as the unequal structure of international relations.<ref name=dobos/> Instead, they wanted more favorable terms under the [[New International Economic Order]]. A draft plan with fertility targets was strongly opposed by the developing countries, which surprised the delegations from the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.<ref name=dobos>{{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/eceu/45/2-3/article-p215_215.xml?language=en|title=Global Challenges, Local Knowledges: Politics and Expertise at the World Population Conference in Bucharest|first=Corina|last=Doboș|journal=East Central Europe|volume=45|date=November 29, 2018|pages=219–220|doi=10.1163/18763308-04502004 |s2cid=195477022 }}</ref> The final plan omitted fertility targets and instead stated, "A population policy may have a certain success if it constitutes an integral part of socio-economic development."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C11EAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22A+population+policy+may%22&pg=RA5-PA15 Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa], United States Joint Publications Research Service circular #72986, issue number 2074 March 13, 1979, page 15</ref>

As members questioned the political benefits of population control rhetoric, the abortion-rights movement distanced itself from the population control movement.<ref name=ziegler36>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2013|p=36}}</ref> In October 1973, Robin Elliott circulated a memo to other Planned Parenthood members concerning opposition to "Planned Parenthood's credibility in its reference to the population problem".<ref name=ziegler36/> Instead, she thought they should use ''Roe'' inspired rhetoric about "the reaffirmation of commitment to freedom of choice in parenthood."<ref name=ziegler36/> By 1978, a NARAL handbook denounced population control.<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2013|p=28}}</ref>

==== 21st century ====
[[File:October 2021 Women's March in Washington DC 03.jpg|thumb|[[2021 Women's March]], where many speakers bemoaned a looming threat to ''Roe''<ref>{{cite news |last=Kitchener |first=Caroline |date=October 2, 2021 |title=Thousands gather at Women's March rallies in D.C., across U.S. to protect Roe v. Wade |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/10/02/womens-march-dc-abortion/ |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>]]
Into the 21st century, advocates of ''Roe'' describe it as vital to the preservation of [[women's rights]], personal freedom, bodily integrity, and privacy. Advocates have also reasoned that access to safe abortion and reproductive freedom generally are [[fundamental rights]]. Supporters of ''Roe'' contend that even if abortion rights are also supported by another portion of the constitution, the decision in 1973 accurately founds the right in the Fourteenth Amendment. Others support ''Roe'' despite concern that the fundamental right to abortion is found elsewhere in the Constitution but not in the portions referenced in the 1973 decision.<ref name="Koppelman">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225130324/http://www.law1.northwestern.edu/faculty/fulltime/koppelman/forcedlabor.pdf "Forced Labor: A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of Abortion"], Archived February 25, 2009, by Andrew Koppelman, ''Northwestern Law Review'', Vol. 84, p. 480 (1990).</ref><ref name="Balkin">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Us-277i9ZJYC&pg=PP1 What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said; The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial decision]'', Jack Balkin Ed. (NYU Press 2005). Retrieved January 26, 2007</ref> They also tend to believe that the power balance between men and women is unequal, and that issues like access to birth control and political representation affect women's equality.<ref name="Conroy & Thomson-DeVeaux 2022">{{cite web|last1=Conroy|first1=Meredith|last2=Thomson-DeVeaux|first2=Amelia|date=May 20, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-real-dividing-line-on-abortion/|title=The Real Dividing Line On Abortion|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

Opinion polls in late 2021 indicated that while a majority of Americans oppose overturning ''Roe'',<ref>Manchester, Julia (December 6, 2021). [https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/584587-majority-oppose-overturning-roe-v-wade-poll/ "Majority oppose overturning Roe v. Wade: poll"]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved June 26, 2022.</ref> a sizable minority opposed overturning ''Roe'' but also desired to make abortion illegal in ways that ''Roe'' would not permit. This was attributed to poll respondents misunderstanding ''Roe v. Wade'' or misinterpreting the poll question.<ref>Desanctis, Alexandra (December 7, 2021). [https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/poll-americans-continue-to-misunderstand-roe/ "Poll: Americans Continue to Misunderstand Roe"]. ''National Review''. Retrieved June 26, 2022.</ref><ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux & Yi 2022">{{cite web|last1=Thomson-DeVeaux|first1=Amelia|last2=Yi|first2=Jean|date=May 6, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/where-americans-stand-on-abortion-in-5-charts/|title=Where Americans Stand On Abortion, In 5 Charts|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> 2018–2019 polls showed that while 60 percent of Americans generally support abortion in the first trimester, this drops to 20 percent for the second trimester, even though ''Roe'' protects the right to abortion until the last weeks of the second trimester, and at the same time 69 percent said they would not like to see ''Roe'' overturned, compared to 29 percent who said they would like to see ''Roe'' overturned.<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux & Yi 2022"/> Another poll showed that 43 percent of those who said abortion should be illegal in most or all cases opposed overturning ''Roe'', while 26 percent of those who said abortion should be legal in most or all cases supported overturning ''Roe''.<ref name="Jackson 2022">{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Natalie|date=June 22, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-its-possible-for-some-americans-to-support-abortion-yet-oppose-roe/|title=Why It's Possible For Some Americans To Support Abortion Yet Oppose Roe|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> Polls also found that men and women have similar views on abortion,<ref>{{cite web|last=Iglesis|first=Matthew|date=May 20, 2019|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/20/18629644/abortion-gender-gap-public-opinion|title=Men and women have similar views on abortion|website=Vox|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> which are linked to how people think about motherhood, sex, and women's social roles; supporters of ''Roe'' and abortion rights tend to see women's ability to make decisions about their bodies as fundamental to [[gender equality]].<ref name="Conroy & Thomson-DeVeaux 2022"/>

Most polls in the late 2010s and early 2020s showed overwhelming support,<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux & Yi 2022"/> at between 85 and 90 percent, among Americans that abortion should be legal in at least some circumstances, which varies or drops depending on the specifics.<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux & Yi 2022"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Molla|first=Rani|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23167397/abortion-public-opinion-polls-americans|title=What Americans think about abortion, in 3 charts|website=Vox|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Durkee 2022">{{cite web|last=Durkee|first=Alison|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2022/06/24/how-americans-really-feel-about-abortion-the-sometimes-surprising-poll-results-as-supreme-court-reportedly-set-to-overturn-roe-v-wade/|title=How Americans Really Feel About Abortion: The Sometimes Surprising Poll Results As Supreme Court Overturns Roe V. Wade|website=Forbes|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> A January 2022 [[CNN]] poll found a 59% majority of Americans want their state to have laws that are "more permissive than restrictive" on abortion if ''Roe'' is overturned, 20% want their state to ban abortion entirely, and another 20% want it to be restricted but not banned.<ref name="Durkee 2022"/> In two March 2022 polls, between 61 and 64 percent of Americans said abortion should be legal in most or all cases, while between 35 and 37 percent said abortion should be illegal in most or all cases.<ref name="Jackson 2022"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Tarah|date=May 31, 2022|url=https://theconversation.com/most-people-support-abortion-staying-legal-but-that-may-not-matter-in-making-law-182930|title=Most people support abortion staying legal, but that may not matter in making law|website=The Conversation|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> A May 2022 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll showed that 50% of Americans thought abortions should be legal under certain circumstances, with 35% saying it should be legal under any circumstances, and 15% saying it should be illegal in all circumstances,<ref name="Abortion">{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1576/abortion.aspx|title=Abortion|publisher=Gallup|date=May 2–22, 2022|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> as well as a record number of Americans who identify as ''[[pro-choice]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Treisman|first=Rachel|date=June 3, 2022|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/03/1102872199/gallup-poll-pro-choice-roe-v-wade-supreme-court|title=In a new U.S. poll, a majority identify as 'pro-choice' for the first time in decades|publisher=NPR|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

Before ''Roe'' was overturned in ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'', a majority of Americans thought that ''Roe'' was safe and would not be overturned. Since the draft's leaks showed ''Roe'' to be overturned in ''Dobbs'', as happened in June 2022, abortion became a concern and a very important issue for Democrats, who previously lagged behind Republicans on this;<ref>{{cite web|last=Tesler|first=Michael|date=May 25, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/for-the-first-time-in-years-democrats-are-more-concerned-about-abortion-than-republicans-are/|title=For The First Time In Years, Democrats Are More Concerned About Abortion Than Republicans Are|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> some Americans, in particular liberals but also a few conservatives, may have become more aware of the popular support for ''Roe'', which they had previously understated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomson-DeVeaux|first=Amelia|date=June 13, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-overturning-roe-could-change-the-way-americans-think-about-abortion/|title=How Overturning Roe Could Change The Way Americans Think About Abortion|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> In June 2022, Gallup reported that a 61% majority of Americans say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 37% say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. It also recorded the highest partisan divide since 1995,<ref name="Abortion"/> compared to the mid-1970s and throughout the 1980s when both Democrats and Republicans were closer on the issue.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomson-DeVeaux|first=Amelia|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/roe-v-wade-defined-an-era-the-supreme-court-just-started-a-new-one/|title=Roe v. Wade Defined An Era. The Supreme Court Just Started A New One.|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> That same month, the Congregation L'Dor Va-Dor filed a lawsuit against a new law in Florida that would outlaw abortion after 15 weeks of pregnancy, including in cases of rape or incest. Unlike other legal challenges to abortion restrictions in the United States that generally rely on the right to privacy established by ''Roe'', the synagogue argued that Florida's abortion law violates religious freedom, as "Jewish law says that life begins at birth, not at conception."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kestler-D'Amours|first=Jillian|date=June 17, 2022|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/17/religious-freedom-the-next-battleground-for-us-abortion-rights|title=Religious freedom: The next battleground for US abortion rights?|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>