Editing Rhodes Scholarship (section)

== Notable scholars and career trajectories ==
{{see also|List of Rhodes Scholars}}
Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010 p. 314.</ref> that while "few of them have 'changed the world'…most of them have been a credit to their professions…and communities," finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including [[Wasim Sajjad]] (President of [[Pakistan]]), [[Bill Clinton]] (President of the [[United States]]), [[Dom Mintoff]] (Prime Minister of [[Malta]]), two [[Prime Minister of Canada |Prime Ministers of Canada]]: [[John Turner]] and [[Mark Carney]], [[Norman Manley]] (Premier of [[Jamaica]]), and three [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Ministers of Australia]]: [[Bob Hawke]], [[Tony Abbott]] and [[Malcolm Turnbull]].

From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science.<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010, p. 279.</ref> Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a full-time career in government…the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 311.</ref>

The most popular career choice for Rhodes Scholars is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the most distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such as Zambian activist [[Lucy Banda-Sichone|Lucy Banda]], have become prominent members of the civil rights movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/zambian-activist-lucy-banda-becomes-first-female-rhodes-scholar-to-have-portrait-displayed-at-oxford-a6766946.html|title=The first ever portrait of a female Rhodes scholar has been unveiled|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> In 1990, third-wave feminist author [[Naomi Wolf]] put forward ideas about beauty and power with her book ''[[The Beauty Myth]]'', ushering in a new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/18/classics.shopping|title=Women: A quick reminder ... The Beauty Myth by Naomi Wolf|last=Wilson|first=Emily|date=2005-10-18|website=The Guardian|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. [[Howard Florey]] was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 after studying medicine at the [[University of Adelaide|University of Adelaide Medical School]]. In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist [[Ernst Chain|Ernst Boris Chain]], led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Robert Q. Marston]], an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey, was Director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the high quality of basic science research in the Institutes.
=== Human rights, social justice and advocacy ===

==== Law ====
Challenging some of the convictions of the scholarship's founder is not a recent occurrence. As early as 1931, [[Afrikaans]]-born anti-apartheid lawyer and Rhodes Scholar [[Bram Fischer]]  campaigned for equal rights for all South Africans. This led him to join the [[Communist Party of South Africa]]. Fischer was struck off the roll by the [[Johannesburg Bar Council]] in 1965 after he skipped bail on charges under the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]]. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/bram-fischer-a-hero-born-100-years-ago|title=Bram Fischer: a hero born 100 years ago – Nelson Mandela Foundation|website=www.nelsonmandela.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other Rhodes Scholars have taken on difficult social causes with more success. [[Fred Paterson]] defended workers and unions at a reduced price, before he sat in parliament as the first and only Communist party member in Australian history.<ref name="PeoplesChampion">{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Ross |title=The people's champion, Fred Paterson : Australia's only Communist Party member of parliament |date=1997 |publisher=University of Queensland Press |isbn=0702229598 }}</ref> In 1978, former Rhodes Scholar [[Ann Olivarius]] sued [[Yale University]] over their mis-handling of on-campus sexual harassment complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=What the woman who coined the term 'date rape' thinks of British universities|last=Goldhill|first=Olivia|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-27|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Revenge porn: 'Street tactics' can stamp out this industrial scale sexual crime|last=Olivarius|first=Dr Ann|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-11|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Education and child welfare ====
After leaving Oxford to write his first novel, former Rhodes Scholar [[Jonathan Kozol]] worked as a teacher in the [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] neighborhood of [[Roxbury, Boston|Boston]], Massachusetts. He would go on to write ''Death at an Early Age: The Destruction of the Hearts and Minds of Negro Children in the Boston Public Schools,'' after witnessing first-hand the devastating effect [[educational inequality in the United States|educational inequality]] was having on America.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-01|title=Kozol, Jonathan|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055047/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> Rhodes Scholars [[Marc Kielburger]] and [[Roxanne Joyal]] conduct similar work with their organization [[Free the children|Free the Children]]. Together they build schools and educate children in developing countries across Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/03/09/their_love_is_built_on_helping_others.html|title=Their love is built on helping others {{!}} The Star|work=thestar.com|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

==== Civil and human rights ====
Much of the Rhodes alumni civil and human rights work has been focused in Africa, particularly [[South Africa]]. South African Justice [[Edwin Cameron]] initially focused his attention on law and employment law, but later worked in the field of [[LGBT]] rights as well as co-founding the [[Aids Consortium]]. Two-time [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning journalist [[Nicholas Kristof|Nick Kristof]] was pivotal in shedding light on atrocities such as [[Tiananmen Square]] and the [[Darfur genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/nicholas-kristof|title=Nicholas Kristof|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Professor [[Sandra Fredman]] has also written extensively on anti-discrimination law, human rights law and labour law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223021844/http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-23|title=Oxford Law :: Profile of Sandra Fredman|date=2012-12-23|work=archive.is|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Rhiana Gunn-Wright]] was the creator of the [[Green New Deal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060107485|title=CLIMATE: Meet the scholar crafting the 'Green New Deal'|website=www.eenews.net|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>

=== Medical innovation ===

==== Genetics ====
In 2014, [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] Rhodes Scholar  [[Pardis Sabeti]] used genome sequencing and computational genetics to identify the source of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ebola-outbreak-strains-sequenced-36944|title=Ebola Outbreak Strains Sequenced|website=The Scientist Magazine®|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> She is also the front-person for [[Indie rock|indie-rock]] band [[Thousand Days (band)|Thousand Days]].

Another Rhodes Scholar working in [[genome]] research is the mathematician and geneticist [[Eric Lander]]. His ideas in human genetics, particularly mapping and sequencing, led to the creation of [[The Cancer Genome Atlas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/asoh-ahe071018.php|title=ASHG honors Eric S. Lander with William Allan Award|website=EurekAlert!|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

==== Disease and epidemiology ====
[[Salim Yusuf]], an [[India|Indian]] scholar, conducted significant research into heart health and its relationship to developing economies. He observed that shifts in the developing world, particularly dietary changes and increased urbanization, lead to higher incidences of heart attacks and strokes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anzishaprize.org/mentors-judges/yusuf-randera-rees/|title=Celebrating Africa's Youngest Entrepreneurs {{!}} Yusuf Randera-Rees|website=www.anzishaprize.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

In [[Zimbabwe]], [[A. Tariro Makadzange]] has researched perinatally infected children with [[HIV]] and HIV-positive adults with [[cryptococcal disease]]. Since graduating from Oxford, she has set up a new infectious disease laboratory at the [[University of Zimbabwe]] in [[Harare]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ragoninstitute.org/makadzange-opens-new-lab-in-zimbabwe/|title=Makadzange Opens New Lab in Zimbabwe|date=2014-06-24|work=Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Sir [[Alimuddin Zumla]], a British-Zambian, infectious diseases scholar declined an offer to take up the scholarship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=May 2011|title=Editorial introduction|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=17|issue=3|pages=vii–viii|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834619c2|issn=1070-5287|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirby|first=Tony|date=April 2013|title=Alimuddin Zumla: infectious diseases guru and survivor|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=4|pages=301|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70045-8|pmid=23531387}}</ref> Decades later, Zumla was recognized by [[Clarivate|Clarivate Analytics]], [[Web of Science]] as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2018-11-30|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2018/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2019-11-29|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in 2019 global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2019/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-2019-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2020-11-20|title=UCL academics recognised in annual global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/nov/ucl-academics-recognised-annual-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=UCL News}}</ref>

==== Surgery ====
After studying at Oxford, surgeon and author [[Atul Gawande]] became an advisor to [[Bill Clinton]] and the [[U.S Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-01-01|title=Gawande, Atul 1965- (Atul A. Gawande)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055108/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> In recent years he has devised an innovative checklist for a successful surgery.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/personal-best|title=The Coach in the Operating Room|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122226184|title=Atul Gawande's 'Checklist' For Surgery Success|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other surgical innovations brought about by Rhodes Scholars include the [[GliaSite]] technique, a device that lowers the risks associated with radiation therapy in brain tumours. 

A number of Rhodes scholars have gone on to careers in [[neurosurgery]]. One of the most influential neurosurgeons of all time, [[Wilder Penfield]], was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] Rhodes Scholar in 1915. Neurosurgeon Sir [[Hugh Cairns (surgeon)|Hugh Cairns]] was a Rhodes Scholar for South Australia in 1917, whose treatment of [[Lawrence of arabia|Lawrence of Arabia]] led to research that informed the introduction of motorcycle helmets. Neurosurgeon [[Griffith R. Harsh|Griffith Harsh]] was a Rhodes Scholar and created the GliaSite device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/november14/gliasite.html|title=New device delivers safe thou not targeted brain tumor treatment straight to the source: 11/01|website=news.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

=== Arts ===

==== Literature ====
One of the first recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship was the American poet, educator and critic [[John Crowe Ransom]]. He became a founding member of the influential Fugitive literary group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Louis D.|date=1974|title=The Wary Fugitive John Crowe Ransom|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=82|issue=4|pages=583–618|jstor=27542882}}</ref> A contemporary of Ransom's who also became a Rhodes Scholar was [[Robert Penn Warren]]. Warren was lambasted by his peers who told him that the study of English literature was a soft option; seeking to rebut such attacks, he introduced new critical ideas into the study of poetry and fiction, and these ideas went on to change how literature was taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, not only in America itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/ransom/life.htm|title=John Crowe Ransom's Life and Career|website=www.english.illinois.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Tasmanian Rhodes Scholar [[Richard Flanagan]] ([[Tasmania]] and Worcester, 1984) is a celebrated author, having been awarded the [[Man Booker Prize]] in 2014 for his novel [[The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)|''The Narrow Road to the Deep North'']].

==== Hip-hop ====
In 2006 (before receiving a Rhodes Scholarship), lawyer and current Lieutenant Governor of New York [[Antonio Delgado (politician)|Antonio Delgado]] critiqued capitalism and racial injustice under the name "AD the Voice."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/us/politics/antonio-delgado-lyrics.html|title=A Congressional Candidate Used to Be a Rapper. Will It Matter?|newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2018-11-23|last1=Herndon |first1=Astead W. }}</ref>

Roughly 90 years previously, the phrase "keeping it real" was used by Rhodes scholar [[Alain Locke]] in his book ''[[The New Negro]]'' to describe the pursuit of in the face of mainstream media's portrayal of African American culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New negro|last=Locke|first=Alain|date=1997|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0684838311|edition= 1st Touchstone|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=37551618}}</ref> Locke's work inspired the [[Harlem Renaissance]] movement, and "keeping it real" has since become a universally recognized [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] ethos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Price|first=Robert Jr|date=2005|title=Hegemony, Hope, and the Harlem Renaissance: Taking Hip Hop Culture Seriously|url=https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2681&context=aerc|journal=Kansas State University Libraries|via=newprairiepress.org}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===

==== Space exploration ====
After studying ion propulsion at Oxford, Dr. [[Jennifer Gruber]] embarked on a career as a [[Space engineering|space engineer]]. She is currently coordinating missions between the [[Johnson Space Center]] and the [[International Space Station]] as an employee of [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/omaha-native-chosen-as-rhodes-scholar/article_e7feb834-dbc6-5e0f-ad54-1692b7c97538.html|title=Omaha native chosen as Rhodes scholar|first=Kim |last=Sweet |work=The Daily Nebraskan|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>{{spaces|thin}}{{Update inline|date= November 2023}}

==== Cosmology ====
Rhodes Scholar [[Brian Greene]] co-founded ISCAP, Columbia's [[Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics]]. As well as winning a Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, Greene made some ground-breaking discoveries in the field of superstring theory and was one of the cosmologists to co-develop [[superstring theory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codcourier.org/8400/news/theoretical-physicist-brian-greene-proposes-string-theory-as-the-theory-of-everything/|title=Theoretical physicist Brian Greene proposes String Theory as the theory of everything – The Courier|last=Weslo|first=Joey|website=codcourier.org|access-date=2018-11-23|date=2018-04-03}}</ref>