Editing Republicanism (section)

==Modern republicanism==
{{Main|Modern republicanism}}
During the Enlightenment, anti-[[monarchism]] extended beyond the civic humanism of the Renaissance. Classical republicanism, still supported by philosophers such as [[Rousseau]] and [[Montesquieu]], was only one of several theories seeking to limit the power of monarchies rather than directly opposing them. [[Liberalism]] and [[socialism]] departed from [[classical republicanism]] and fueled the development of the more [[modern republicanism]].

=== Brazil ===
[[File:Domenico Failutti - Retrato de Cipriano José Barata, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Cipriano Barata]]]]
Brazilian historiography generally identifies republican thought with the movement that was formally organized in the [[Empire of Brazil]] during the 1870s to 1880s, but republicanism was already present in the country since the [[First reign (Empire of Brazil)|First Reign]] (1822–1831) and the [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency period]] (1831–1840). During Brazil's early years after its [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], the country saw the emergence of a republican discourse among the writings of figures such as [[Cipriano Barata]], [[Frei Caneca]] and João Soares Lisboa, but republican ideology better developed as a political current after the emergence of the so-called radical liberal faction in the crisis of the final years of the First Reign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Basile |first=Marcello |year=2011 |title=O bom exemplo de Washington: o republicanismo no Rio de Janeiro (c.1830 a 1835) |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-87752011000100002&lng=pt&tlng=pt |journal=Varia Historia |volume=27 |issue=45 |pages=17–45 |doi=10.1590/S0104-87752011000100002 |issn=0104-8775|doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the First Reign, three groups emerged on the country's political scene: the moderate liberals, the radical liberals and the ''caramurus''. The moderates defended political-institutional reforms such as decentralization, without, however, giving up the monarchical system. Their main doctrinal references were Locke, Montesquieu, [[François Guizot|Guizot]] and [[Benjamin Constant]]. The radicals, in turn, formed a heterogeneous group with almost no representation within the imperial bureaucracy. They were on the left of the political spectrum, along Jacobin lines, and defended broad reforms such as the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, federalism, the extinction of the [[Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)|Moderating Power]], the end of life tenure in the [[General Assembly (Brazil)|Senate]], the separation between Church and State, relative social equality, the extension of political and civil rights to all free segments of society, including women, the staunch opposition to [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery]], displaying a [[Brazilian nationalism|nationalist]], xenophobic and [[Lusophobia|anti-Portuguese]] discourse.<ref name=":0" />

In 1870 a group of radical liberals, convinced of the impossibility of achieving their desired reforms within the Brazilian monarchical system, met and founded the Republican Party. From its founding until 1889, the party operated in an erratic and geographically diverse manner. The republican movement was strongest in the [[Neutral Municipality|Court]] and in [[São Paulo Province|São Paulo]], but other smaller foci also emerged in [[Minas Gerais]], [[Pará Province|Pará]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Only in São Paulo, however, did the movement become a true organized and disciplined party capable of electoral competition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=José Murilo de |year=2011 |title=República, democracia e federalismo Brasil, 1870-1891 |journal=Varia Historia |language=pt |volume=27 |issue=45 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1590/S0104-87752011000100007 |issn=0104-8775|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===France===
[[File:Charles de Gaulle-1963.jpg|thumb|[[Charles de Gaulle]]]]
Discredited after the [[Second World War]], French radicals split into a left-wing party&nbsp;– the [[Radical Party of the Left]], an associate of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] – and the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical Party "valoisien"]], an associate party of the conservative [[Union for a Popular Movement]] (UMP) and its [[Gaullist Party|Gaullist]] predecessors. Italian radicals also maintained close links with republicanism, as well as with [[socialism]], with the ''[[Radical Party (Italy)|Partito radicale]]'' founded in 1955, which became the [[Transnational Radical Party]] in 1989.

Increasingly, after the fall of communism in 1989 and the collapse of the Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution, France increasingly turned to republicanism to define its national identity.<ref>Sudhir Hazareesingh, "Conflicts Of Memory: Republicanism and the Commemoration of the Past in Modern France", ''French History'' (2009) 23#2 pp. 193–215</ref> [[Charles de Gaulle]], presenting himself as the military savior of France in the 1940s, and the political savior in the 1950s, refashioned the meaning of republicanism. Both left and right enshrined him in the Republican pantheon.<ref>Sudhir Hazareesingh, ''In the Shadow of the General: Modern France and the Myth of De Gaulle'' (2012) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=36448 online review]</ref>

===Italy===
{{main|1946 Italian institutional referendum}}
[[File:Giuseppe Mazzini.jpg|thumb|[[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[David Lloyd George]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Golda Meir]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="King"/>]]
[[File:Pietro Barsanti.png|thumb|[[Pietro Barsanti]], the first martyr of the modern [[Italian Republic]]<ref name="Ridolfi"/><ref name="Spadolini"/>]]
In the [[history of Italy]] there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and the medieval [[maritime republics]]. From [[Cicero]] to [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism.<ref>[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] notes, in ''[[The Social Contract]]'', about [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] and his work ''[[The Prince]]'': "Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. ''The Prince'' is the book of the republicans." (see [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Rousseau_-_Du_Contrat_social_%C3%A9d._Beaulavon_1903.djvu/237 Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource].</ref> But it was [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Paul|last1=Baquiast|first2=Emmanuel|last2=Dupuy|first3=Maurizio|last3=Ridolfi|title=L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii<sup>e</sup> – xxi<sup>e</sup> siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle|volume=1|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2007|isbn=978-2296027954|language=fr|page=85}}</ref>

An [[Italian nationalist]] in the [[historical radical]] tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of [[social-democratic]] inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for [[popular democracy]] in a republican state.<ref name="Swinburne">Swinburne, Algernon Charles (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5WYbAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mazzini+helped+define+the+modern+European+movement+for+popular+democracy+in+a+republican+state&pg=PT387 Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne]''. Delphi Classics. {{ISBN|978-1909496699}}.</ref> Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the [[Constitution of Italy]], about [[Europeanism]] and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president [[Woodrow Wilson]], British prime minister [[David Lloyd George]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Israeli prime minister [[Golda Meir]] and Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="King">King, Bolton (2019). ''[https://www.bookbeat.com/it/libro/the-life-of-mazzini-479253 The Life of Mazzini]''. Good Press.</ref> Mazzini formulated a concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting [[intellectualism]] and the notion of divorcing theory from practice.<ref name="Paul Schumaker 2010 p. 58">Schumaker, Paul (2010). ''The Political Theory Reader'' (illustrated ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. {{ISBN|9781405189972}}.</ref>

In July 1831, in exile in [[Marseille]], Giuseppe Mazzini founded the [[Young Italy]] movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian [[Risorgimento]]. The philosopher [[Carlo Cattaneo]] promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a [[Federalism|federal]] republic.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Paul|last1=Baquiast|first2=Emmanuel|last2=Dupuy|first3=Maurizio|last3=Ridolfi|title=L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii<sup>e</sup> – xxi<sup>e</sup> siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle|volume=1|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2007|isbn=978-2296027954|language=fr|page=91}}</ref>

The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Rosario|last=Romeo|author-link=Rosario Romeo|title=Vita di Cavour|publisher=Editori Laterzi|year=2011|isbn=978-8842074915|page=290}}</ref> After having obtained the conquest of the whole of [[southern Italy]] during the [[Expedition of the Thousand]], Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia [[Victor Emmanuel II]], which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Denis |last=Mack Smith|author-link=Denis Mack Smith|title=I Savoia re d'Italia|publisher=Bur|year=1990|isbn=978-8817115674|pages=90–92}}</ref> While a laborious administrative unification began, a [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy|first Italian parliament]] was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|proclaimed king of Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first=Paul|last=Guichonnet|title=Histoire de l'Italie|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|year=1975|isbn=|page=95}} {{No ISBN}}</ref>

In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier [[Pietro Barsanti]].<ref name="Ridolfi">{{cite book|language=it|first=Maurizio|last=Ridolfi|title=Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane|publisher=Mondadori Bruno|year=2003|isbn=978-8842494997|page=172}}</ref> Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the [[Royal Italian Army]] with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the [[House of Savoy|Savoy monarchy]] and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern [[Italian Republic]]<ref name="Ridolfi"/><ref name="Spadolini">{{cite book|language=it|first=Giovanni|last=Spadolini|author-link=Giovanni Spadolini|title=L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922)|publisher=Le Monnier|year=1989|isbn=978-8800856256|page=491}}</ref> and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy.<ref>{{Citation|first=Elio|last=Lodolini|year=1964|title=BARSANTI, Pietro|encyclopedia=[[Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]|volume=VI|publisher=[[Treccani]]|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-barsanti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|location=Rome|language=it|ref={{sfnref|Treccani|1964}}}}</ref>

The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the [[Action Party (Italy, 1853)|Action Party]] around [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. [[Carlo Cattaneo]] was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the [[House of Savoy]]. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 [[Felice Cavallotti]], one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Alessandro Galante|last=Garrone|title=I radicali in Italia (1849-1925)|publisher=Garzanti|year=1973|isbn=|pages= 129–131}} {{No ISBN}}</ref>

In October 1922, the nomination of [[Benito Mussolini]] as prime minister by King [[Victor Emmanuel III]], following the [[march on Rome]], paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the [[National Fascist Party]]. The [[Kingdom of Italy]] entered [[World War II]] on 10 June 1940. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, [[Surrender of Caserta|when the German forces in Italy surrendered]].

The aftermath of World War II left Italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist regime]] for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Italia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=VI|page=456|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> Italy became a republic after the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]<ref>{{cite video |year=1946 |title=Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/1946-06-06_Damage_Foreshadows_A-Bomb_Test |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. It was the first time that the whole [[Italian Peninsula]] was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient [[Roman Republic]].

===Latin America===
[[File:Andrés Bello.jpg|thumb|[[Andrés Bello]]]]
Republicanism helped inspire movements for independence in former Spanish colonies of [[Latin America]] in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rojas|first=Rafael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491949272|title=Las repúblicas de aire : utopía y desencanto en la revolución de Hispanoamérica|date=2009|publisher=Taurus|isbn=978-607-11-0366-6|edition=1st|location=México, D.F.|oclc=491949272}}</ref> and republican ideals and political designs were influential in the new Latin American republics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55067097|title=El republicanismo en hispanoamérica : ensayos de historia intelectual y política|date=2002|publisher=Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|others=José Antonio Aguilar Rivera, Rafael Rojas|isbn=968-16-6656-9|edition=1st|location=México|oclc=55067097}}</ref> Diplomats and international jurists in Latin America, such as [[Andrés Bello]], shaped a tradition of "republican internationalism" that connected domestic republican ideals and practices with the region's emerging place in international society.

Many key political figures in the region identified as republicans, including [[Simón Bolívar]], [[José María Samper]], [[Francisco Bilbao]], and [[Juan Egaña]]. Several of these figures produced essays, pamphlets, and collections of speeches that drew upon and adapted the broader tradition of republican political thought.

===Spain===
{{Main|Republicanism in Spain}}
[[File:Por la Tercera República (45338006505).jpg|thumb|right|2018 demonstration in Madrid calling for the Third Spanish Republic]]
There has existed in Spain a persistent trend of republican thought, especially throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, that has manifested itself in diverse political parties and movements over the entire course of the [[history of Spain]]. While these movements have shared the objective of establishing a republic, during these three centuries there have surged distinct schools of thought on the form republicans would want to give to the Spanish [[Sovereign state|State]]: [[Unitary state|unitary]] or [[Federal republic|federal]]. The roots of Spanish republicanism arose out of liberal thought in the wake of the [[French Revolution]]. The first manifestations of republicanism occurred during the [[Peninsular War]], in which Spain and nearby regions fought for independence from [[Napoleon]], 1808–1814. During the reign of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] (1813–1833) there were several liberalist military [[pronunciamiento]]s, but it was not until the reign of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] (1833–1868) that the first clearly republican and anti-monarchist movements appeared.

There is a renewed interest in republicanism in [[Spain]] after two earlier attempts: the [[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874) and the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). Movements such as ''{{Interlanguage link|Ciudadanos Por la República|es}}'', Citizens for the Republic in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], have emerged, and parties like [[United Left (Spain)|United Left]] and the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] increasingly refer to republicanism. In a survey conducted in 2007 reported that 69% of the population prefer the monarchy to continue, compared with 22% opting for a republic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/reportajes/Rey/bien/gracias/elpepusocdmg/20071230elpdmgrep_10/Tes |title=¿El Rey? Muy bien, gracias |publisher=Elpais.com |access-date=2013-02-03|newspaper=El País |date=2007-12-30  }}</ref> In a 2008 survey, 58% of Spanish citizens were indifferent, 16% favored a republic, 16% were monarchists, and 7% claimed they were ''Juancarlistas'' (supporters of continued monarchy under King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]], without a common position for the fate of the monarchy after his death).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pesimo.blogspot.com/2008/08/encuesta-sigma-dos-el-mundo-que-hemos_15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104055635/http://e-pesimo.blogspot.com/2008/08/encuesta-sigma-dos-el-mundo-que-hemos_15.html|archive-date=2011-11-04 |title=Indiferentes ante la Corona o la República |publisher=E-pesimo.blogspot.com |date=2004-02-27 |access-date=2013-02-03 |language=es}}</ref> In recent years, there has been a tie between Monarchists and Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/casas-reales/2019-06-19/encuesta-vanitatis-felipe-letizia-monarquia-republica-espana-cataluna_2075143/|title=España sigue siendo monárquica gracias a los andaluces y a pesar de catalanes y vascos|date=2019-06-19|website=El Confidencial|language=es|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20190110/empate-tecnico-primera-vez-republica-apoyo-monarquia/367463288_0.html|title=Empate técnico por primera vez: la República ya tiene tanto apoyo como la Monarquía|date=2019-01-10|website=El Español|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>

===Turkey===
{{Main|Republicanism in Turkey}}
[[File:Atatürk Kemal.jpg|thumb|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]]]
In 1923 after the [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|fall]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] an inherited aristocracy and sultanate suppressed republican ideas until the successful republican revolution of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in the 1920s. Republicanism remains [[Six Arrows|one of the six principles]] of [[Kemalism]]. Kemalism, as it was implemented by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] after the [[Republic Day (Turkey)|declaration of Republic in 1923]], was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] predecessor and embrace a Western-style modernized lifestyle,<ref name=cleveland13>Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Boulder: Westview, 2013.</ref> including the establishment of [[Secularism in Turkey|secularism/laicism]], state support of the sciences, free education, [[gender equality]], [[statism|economic statism]] and many more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through [[Atatürk's reforms|his reforms]].

Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late [[Ottoman Empire]] under various reforms to avoid the imminent [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|collapse of the Empire]], beginning chiefly in the early 19th-century [[Tanzimat]] reforms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cleveland |first1=William L |first2=Martin |last2=Bunton |title=A History of the Modern Middle East |edition=4th |publisher=Westview Press |year=2009 |pages=82}}</ref> The mid-century [[Young Ottomans]] attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or [[Ottomanism]], to quell the [[Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire|rising ethnic nationalism]] in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. In the early 20th century, the [[Young Turks]] abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of early [[Turkish nationalism]], while adopting a secular political outlook. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Atatürk, influenced by both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks,<ref name="ÁgostonMasters2009">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cuthell |first=David Cameron Jr. |year=2009 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |pages=56–60 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> as well as by their successes and failures, led the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, borrowing from the earlier movements' ideas of secularism and Turkish nationalism, while implementing free education<ref name=mango164>{{cite book |last=Mango |first=Andrew |author-link= Andrew Mango |title=Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey |publisher=[[The Overlook Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58567-334-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nu68vd_AmuYC |page=164}}</ref> and other reforms that have been enshrined by later leaders into guidelines for governing Turkey.

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Republicanism in the United Kingdom}}
Dissatisfaction with British rule led to a longer period of agitation in the early 19th century and failed republican revolutions in [[Rebellions of 1837–1838|Canada in the late 1830s]] and [[Young Ireland rebellion|Ireland in 1848]]. This led to the [[Treason Felony Act 1848|Treason Felony Act]] in 1848 which made it illegal to advocate for republicanism. Another "significant incarnation" of republicanism broke out in the late 19th century when [[Queen Victoria]] went into mourning and largely disappeared from public view after the death of her husband, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]]. This led to questions about whether or not the institution should continue, with politicians speaking in support of abolition. This ended when Victoria returned to public duties later in the century and regained significant public support. More recently, in the early 21st century, [[British Social Attitudes Survey|increasing dissatisfaction]] with the [[House of Windsor]], especially after the [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|death of Elizabeth II]] in 2022, has led to public support for the monarchy reaching historical lows. As time goes on monarchy has improved its positions, against expectations of many republicans.

===United States===
{{Main|Republicanism in the United States}}
[[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|thumb|[[Abraham Lincoln]]]]
The values and ideals of republicanism are foundational in [[The Constitution of the United States|the constitution]] and [[history of the United States]].<ref>Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography", ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 29 (January 1972), pp. 49–80.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Gordon|date=April 1990|title=Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution|url=https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2785&context=cklawreview|journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review|volume=66|pages=13, 19–20}}</ref> As the United States constitution prohibits granting titles of [[nobility]], ''republicanism'' in this context does not refer to a political movement to abolish such a [[social class]], as it does in countries such as the [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|UK]], [[Republicanism in Australia|Australia]], and the [[Republicanism in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]. Instead, it refers to the core values that citizenry in a [[republic]] have,<ref>Hart, (2002), ch. 1</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lovett|first1=Frank|last2=Pettit|first2=Philip|date=June 2009|title=Neorepublicanism: A Normative and Institutional Research Program|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=11–29|doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.040907.120952|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> or ought to have. Political scientists and historians have described these central values as ''[[liberty]]'' and ''[[Natural rights and legal rights|inalienable individual rights]]''; recognizing the [[sovereign]]ty of the people as the source of all authority in law;<ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> rejecting [[monarchy]], [[aristocracy]], and hereditary political power; virtue and faithfulness in the performance of civic duties; and vilification of [[Political corruption|corruption]].<ref>Richard Buel, ''Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815'' (1972)</ref> These values are based on those of Ancient [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]], [[Renaissance]], and [[Rights of Englishmen|English models]] and ideas.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref>

Republicanism became the dominant political value of Americans during and after the [[American Revolution]]. The [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] were strong advocates of republican values, especially [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Samuel Adams]], [[Patrick Henry]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Adams]], [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]].<ref>Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis", ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 29 (Jan. 1972), pp. 49–80</ref> However, in 1854, social movements started to harness values of [[abolitionism]] and free labour.<ref>[http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/solguide/VUS06/essay06c.html Contextual Essay]</ref> These burgeoning radical traditions in America became epitomized in the early formation of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], known as "red republicanism."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The "S" word : a short history of an American tradition ... socialism|last=Nichols|first=John|isbn=978-1784783402|oclc=905685623|year = 2015|publisher=Verso Books }}</ref> The efforts were primarily led by political leaders such as [[Alvan E. Bovay]], [[Thaddeus Stevens]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Commons|first=John R.|date=September 1909|title=Horace Greeley and the Working Class Origins of the Republican Party|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=24|issue=3|pages=468–88|doi=10.2307/2140888|jstor=2140888|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=hvd.32044086270303;orient=0;size=100;seq=3;attachment=0|hdl=2027/hvd.32044086270303|hdl-access=free}}</ref>