Editing Religious pluralism (section)

==Religious pluralism and human service professions==
The concept of religious pluralism is also relevant to human service professions, such as psychology and social work, as well as medicine and nursing, in which trained professionals may interact with clients from diverse faith traditions.<ref name="Pargament 1997" /><ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000">Brian J. Zinnbauer & Kenneth I. Pargament (2000). [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2995869&site=ehost-live Working with the sacred: Four approaches to religious and spiritual issues in counseling]. ''Journal of Counseling & Development'', v. 78 n. 2, pp. 162–171. {{ISSN|0748-9633}}</ref><ref name="Friberg 2001 p177-90" /> For example, [[psychologist]] [[Kenneth Pargament]]<ref name="Pargament 1997">{{Cite book |last=Pargament |first=Kenneth I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn5XObcpnd4C&q=pluralism |title=The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice |date=2001 |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-57230-664-6 |language=en}}</ref> has described four possible stances toward client religious and spiritual beliefs, which he called ''rejectionist'', ''exclusivist'', ''constructivist'', and ''pluralist''. Unlike the constructivist stance, the pluralist stance:

{{Blockquote | ... recognizes the existence of a religious or spiritual absolute reality but allows for multiple interpretations and paths toward it. In contrast to the exclusivist who maintains that there is a single path "up the mountain of God", the pluralist recognizes many paths as valid. Although both the exclusivist and the pluralist may agree on the existence of religious or spiritual reality, the pluralist recognizes that this reality is expressed in different cultures and by different people in different ways. Because humans are mortal and limited, a single human religious system cannot encompass all of the religious or spiritual absolute reality.... (p. 167)<ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000" />|title=Zinnbauer Pargament 2000}}

Importantly, "the pluralistic therapist can hold personal religious beliefs while appreciating those of a client with different religious beliefs. The pluralist recognizes that religious value differences can and will exist between counselors and clients without adversely affecting therapy" (p.&nbsp;168).<ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000" /> The stances implied by these four helping orientations on several key issues, such as "should religious issues be discussed in counseling?", have also been presented in tabular form (p.&nbsp;362, Table 12.1).<ref name="Pargament 1997" />

The profession of [[chaplain]]cy, a religious profession, must also deal with issues of pluralism and the relevance of a pluralistic stance. For example, Friberg argues: "With growing populations of immigrants and adherents of religions not previously seen in significant numbers in North America, spiritual care must take religion and diversity seriously. Utmost respect for the residents' spiritual and religious histories and orientations is imperative" (p.&nbsp;182).<ref name="Friberg 2001 p177-90">Nils Friberg (2001). [[iarchive:agingspiritualit00davi/page/177|The role of the chaplain in spiritual care]]. In [[David O. Moberg]], ''Aging and spirituality: spiritual dimensions of aging theory, research'' (pp. 177–190). Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7890-0939-5}} (NB: The quotation is discussing residents in nursing homes).</ref>