Editing Rave (section)

===Drug use===
{{See also|Club drug|Party pills}}
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| caption1 = This impure tablet sold as MDMA in the U.S. contained no MDMA, but instead [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[caffeine]] and [[methamphetamine]].
| caption2 = A selection of [[MDMA]] tablets, better known as "ecstasy".
| caption3 = A selection of poppers, a volatile drug inhaled for the "rush" it can provide.
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Among the various elements of 1970s disco subculture that ravers drew on, in addition to basing their scene around dance music mixed by DJs, ravers also inherited the positive attitude towards using [[club drug]]s to "enhanc[e]...the sensory experience" of dancing to loud music.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0601/p2619.html|title=Club Drugs: MDMA, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and Ketamine|first=Paul M.|last=Gahlinger|date=1 June 2004|journal=American Family Physician|volume=69|issue=11|pages=2619–26|pmid=15202696}}</ref><ref name="mufe">{{cite book |title=Music Festivals and the Politics of Participation |last=Robinson |first=Roxy |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317091998 |page=33 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dIQWDAAAQBAJ |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The state of mind referred to as "ecstasy" (not to be confused with the slang term for [[MDMA]]) sought by ravers has been described as "a result of when various factors harmonise the ego with the other elements such as place and music and [one] enter[s] a "one state" where [they] cannot distinguish what is material or not, where things enter into syntony and constitute a unique moment, precisely the kind sought in medi[t]ation".<ref name=Coutinho>{{Cite journal | url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0100-85872006000200004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en | title=From religious ecstasy to ecstasy pills: A symbolic and performative analysis of electronic music festivals| journal=Religião & Sociedade| volume=2| issue=SE| last1=Coutinho| first1=Tiago}}</ref>

However, disco dancers and ravers preferred different drugs. Whereas 1970s disco scene members preferred [[cocaine]] and the depressant/sedative [[Quaaludes]], ravers preferred MDMA, 2C-B, [[amphetamine]], and other pills. According to the FBI, raves are one of the most popular venues where [[club drugs]] are distributed, and as such feature a prominent drug subculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs |title=Scams & Safety {{!}} Tips for Parents: The Truth About Club Drugs |website=www.fbi.gov |access-date= 27 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329215407/https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs |archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="AdlafSmart1997">{{cite journal|last1=Adlaf|first1=Edward M.|last2= Smart|first2=Reginald G.|title=Party Subculture or Dens of Doom? An Epidemiological Study of Rave Attendance and Drug Use Patterns Among Adolescent Students|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume= 29|issue=2|year=1997|pages=193–198 |issn=0279-1072 |doi= 10.1080/02791072.1997.10400187|pmid=9250946|citeseerx=10.1.1.563.3586}}</ref> Club drugs include [[MDMA]] (more commonly known as "ecstasy", "E" or "molly"), [[2C-B]] (more commonly known as "nexus"), [[amphetamine]] (commonly referred to as "speed"), [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] (commonly referred to as "fantasy" or "liquid E"), [[cocaine]] (commonly referred to as "coke"), [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (commonly referred to as "lucy" or "acid").<ref name="CMAJ 2000">{{cite journal |last=Weir |first=Erica |date=June 2000 |title=Raves: a review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm |url=https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/162/13/1843.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal|CMAJ]] |publisher=[[Canadian Medical Association]] |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1843–1848 |eissn=1488-2329 |issn=0820-3946 |lccn=87039047 |pmc=1231377 |pmid=10906922 |s2cid=10853457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628204824/https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/162/13/1843.full.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm">{{cite journal |last1=Larive |first1=Lisa L. |last2=Romanelli |first2=Frank |last3=Smith |first3=Kelly M. |date=June 2002 |title=Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate |journal=[[American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1067–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1067 |eissn=1535-2900 |issn=1079-2082 |oclc=41233599 |pmid=12063892 |s2cid=44680086|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="AANA 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Mary |last2=Kramer |first2=Frances |date=February 2004 |title=Rave drugs: pharmacological considerations |url=https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/aana-journal-web-documents-1/61-67.pdf |url-status=live |journal=AANA Journal |publisher=[[American Association of Nurse Anesthetists]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=61–67 |issn=0094-6354 |pmid=15098519 |s2cid=41926572 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817012105/https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/aana-journal-web-documents-1/61-67.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Subst. Use Misuse">{{cite journal |last1=Degenhardt |first1=Louisa |last2=Copeland |first2=Jan |last3=Dillon |first3=Paul |year=2005 |title=Recent trends in the use of "club drugs": an Australian review |journal=[[Substance Use & Misuse]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=40 |issue=9–10 |pages=1241–1256 |doi=10.1081/JA-200066777 |eissn=1532-2491 |issn=1082-6084 |lccn=2006268261 |pmid=16048815 |s2cid=25509945}}</ref><ref name="Hum. Exp. Toxicol.">{{cite journal |last1=Avrahami |first1=Beni |last2=Bentur |first2=Yedidia |last3=Halpern |first3=Pinchas |last4=Moskovich |first4=Jenny |last5=Peleg |first5=Kobi |last6=Soffer |first6=Dror |date=April 2011 |title=Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: a survey of emergency department admissions |journal=[[Human & Experimental Toxicology]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1177/0960327110370984 |eissn=1477-0903 |issn=0960-3271 |lccn=90031138 |pmid=20488845 |bibcode=2011HETox..30..259H |s2cid=30994214}}</ref>

"[[Poppers]]" is the street name for [[alkyl nitrites]] (the most well-known being [[amyl nitrite]]), which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects, notably the "rush" or "high" they can provide. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, synthetic [[phenethylamines]] such as [[2C-I]], [[2C-B]] and [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]] have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with [[MDMA]]).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/2ci|work = Advice |publisher = BBC|title =2C-I|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121112214041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/2ci |archive-date = 12 November 2012}}</ref> By late 2012, derivates of the [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] 2C-X drugs, the [[NBOMe]]s and especially [[25I-NBOMe]], had become common at raves in Europe. In the U.S., some law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a [[Recreational drug use|drug-centric]] culture, as rave attendees have been known to use drugs such as [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[2CB|2C-B]], and [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Since the early 2000s, [[medical professional]]s have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of [[alcoholic drinks]] and club drugs (such as [[MDMA]], [[cocaine]], [[rohypnol]], [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]], [[ketamine]], [[Phencyclidine|PCP]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]]) associated with [[rave culture]] among adolescents and young adults in the Western world.<ref name="CMAJ 2000"/><ref name="Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm"/><ref name="AANA 2004"/><ref name="Subst. Use Misuse"/><ref name="Hum. Exp. Toxicol."/> Studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Palamar JJ, Acosta P, Le A, Cleland CM, Nelson LS |date=November 2019 |title=Adverse drug-related effects among electronic dance music party attendees |journal=International Journal of Drug Policy |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=73 |pages=81–87 |doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.005 |issn=1873-4758 |pmc=6899195 |pmid=31349134 |s2cid=198932918}}</ref> and the consumption of club drugs is highly associated with the presence of [[criminal behavior]]s and recent [[alcohol abuse]] or [[Alcohol dependence|dependence]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Li-Tzy |last2=Schlenger |first2=William E. |last3=Galvin |first3=Deborah M. |date=September 2006 |title=Concurrent Use of Methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, Ketamine, GHB, and Flunitrazepam among American Youths |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=102–113 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.01.002 |issn=0376-8716 |pmc=1609189 |pmid=16483730 |s2cid=24699584}}</ref> In May 2007, Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]], advocated drug testing on highways as a countermeasure against drug use at raves.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2007-05-10_2.html |url-status=live |title=UN drugs chief calls for introduction of drug testing to help curb substance abuse |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=10 May 2007 |website=unodc.org |location=Istanbul |publisher=[[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217224546/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2007-05-10_2.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
Much of the controversy, [[moral panic]], and law enforcement attention directed at rave culture and its association with drug use may be due to reports of drug overdoses (particularly MDMA) at raves, concerts, and festivals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Armenian |author2=Mamantov |author3=Tsutaoka |author4= Gerona |author5=Silman |author6=Wu |author7=Olson |title=Multiple MDMA (Ecstasy) Overdoses at a Rave Event-A Case Series |journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=252–258 |year=2012 |doi=10.1177/0885066612445982|pmid=22640978 |citeseerx=10.1.1.668.2071 |s2cid=26074659 }}</ref>