Editing Quinoa (section)

===Effects of rising demand on growers===
[[File:Peru Chenopodium quinoa.jpg|thumb|[[Farmer field school]] on crop husbandry and quinoa production, near [[Puno]], Peru]]

Rising quinoa prices over the period of 2006 to 2017 may have reduced the affordability of quinoa to traditional consumers.<ref name="The Guardian" /><ref name="complicated">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/01/quinoa-good-evil-or-just-really-complicated |title=Quinoa: Good, Evil, or Just Really Complicated? |author=Tom Philpott |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref><ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|176–77}} However, a 2016 study using Peru's Encuesta Nacional de Hogares found that rising quinoa prices during 2004–2013 led to net economic benefits for producers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bellemare |first1=Marc F. |last2=Fajardo-Gonzalez |first2=Johanna |last3=Gitter |first3=Seth R. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Foods and fads: The welfare impacts of rising quinoa prices in Peru |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18302419 |journal=World Development |volume=112 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.012 |s2cid=155556494 |issn=0305-750X}}</ref> and other commentary indicated similar conclusions,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202737139/is-our-love-of-quinoa-hurting-or-helping-farmers-who-grow-it |title=Your Love Of Quinoa Is Good News For Andean Farmers |author=Allison Aubrey |date=2013-06-07 |work=NPR |access-date=2013-08-01}}
</ref> including for women specifically.<ref name="Alexander Kasterine-2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jul/17/quinoa-threat-food-security-improving-peruvian-farmers-lives-superfood |title=Quinoa isn't a threat to food security. It's improving Peruvian farmers' lives |newspaper=The Guardian |author=Alexander Kasterine |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> It has also been suggested that as quinoa producers rise above [[Subsistence|subsistence-level income]], they switch their own consumption to [[Processed foods|Western processed foods]] which are often less healthy than a traditional, quinoa-based diet, whether because quinoa is held to be worth too much to keep for oneself and one's family, or because processed foods have higher status despite their poorer [[nutritional value]].<ref name="The Guardian" /><ref name="complicated" /><ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|176–77}} Efforts are being made in some areas to distribute quinoa more widely and ensure that farming and poorer populations have access to it and have an understanding of its nutritional importance, including use in free [[School Breakfast Program|school breakfasts]] and [[government provision]]s distributed to pregnant and nursing women in need.<ref name="complicated" />

In terms of wider social consequences, research on traditional producers in Bolivia has emphasised a complex picture. The degree to which individual producers benefit from the global quinoa boom depends on its [[mode of production]], for example through producer associations and co-operatives such as the Asociación Nacional de Productores de Quinua (founded in the 1970s), contracting through vertically integrated private firms, or wage labor.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Ofstehage |title=The construction of an alternative quinoa economy: balancing solidarity, household needs, and profit in San Agustín, Bolivia |journal=Agriculture and Human Values |date=2012 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1007/s10460-012-9371-0 |s2cid=154918412 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:efbd39e1-0203-4c99-9ef0-7a1c900fd92d}}</ref> State regulation and enforcement may promote a shift to [[Cash crop|cash-cropping]] among some farmers and a shift toward [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence production]] among others, while enabling many [[urban refugees]] to return to [[working the land]], outcomes with complex and varied social effects.<ref name="kerss">{{Cite journal |last=Kerssen |first=Tanya M. |date=2015-03-04 |title=Food sovereignty and the quinoa boom: challenges to sustainable re-peasantisation in the southern Altiplano of Bolivia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992 |journal=Third World Quarterly |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=489–507 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992 |issn=0143-6597}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/14/quinoa-andes-bolivia-peru-crop |title=Quinoa brings riches to the Andes |author=Dan Collyns |date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

The growth of quinoa consumption outside of its indigenous region has raised concerns over [[food security]] of the indigenous original consumers, unsustainably [[intensive farming]] of the crop, expansion of farming into otherwise marginal agricultural lands with concurrent loss of the natural environment, threatening both the sustainability of producer agriculture and the biodiversity of quinoa.<ref name="Ernest Small 2013">{{cite journal |first=Ernest |last=Small |date=2013 |title=Quinoa – is the United Nations' featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? |journal=Biodiversity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=169–179 |doi=10.1080/14888386.2013.835551 |bibcode=2013Biodi..14..169S |s2cid=128872124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=S.-E. |last=Jacobsen |title=The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |volume=197 |issue=5 |date=2011 |pages=390–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x|bibcode=2011JAgCS.197..390J }}</ref><ref name="Alexander Kasterine-2016" /> Studies have found that smallholder traditional farming of quinoa, specifically in the Andean region of Peru has significantly less of an environmental impact in carbon produced, than the modern industrial quinoa production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gamboa |first1=Cindybell |last2=Bojacá |first2=Carlos Ricardo |last3=Schrevens |first3=Eddie |last4=Maertens |first4=Miet |date=2020-08-10 |title=Sustainability of smallholder quinoa production in the Peruvian Andes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620317042 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=264 |pages=121657 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121657 |bibcode=2020JCPro.26421657G |issn=0959-6526}}</ref>

World demand for quinoa is sometimes presented in the media particularly as being caused by rising [[veganism]],<ref name="The Guardian" /> but one academic has commented that despite the drawbacks of quinoa, meat production in most cases is still less sustainable than quinoa.<ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|177}}