Editing Quechuan languages (section)

==Orthography==
{{main|Quechua alphabet}}
{{further|Southern Quechua#Standard Quechua|l1=Southern Quechua § Standard Quechua}}

Quechua has been written using the [[Roman Alphabet|Roman alphabet]] since the [[Spanish conquest of Peru]]. However, written Quechua is rarely used by Quechua speakers due to limited amounts of printed<!--hiding this because incomprehensible/illogical: referential --> material in the language.

Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based [[orthography]], for example ''Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor''. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and so it has been used for most borrowings into English, which essentially always happen through Spanish.

In 1975, the Peruvian government of [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] adopted a new orthography for Quechua. This is the system preferred by the [[Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua]], which results in the following spellings of the examples listed above: ''Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur''. This orthography has the following features:
* It uses ''w'' instead of ''hu'' for {{IPA|/w/}}.
* It distinguishes velar ''k'' from uvular ''q'', both of which were spelled ''c'' or ''qu'' in the traditional system.{{Example needed|date=December 2018}}
* It distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects that make these distinctions, such as that of the [[Cusco Region]], e.g. the aspirated ''khipu'' 'knot'.
* It continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system.

In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government that uses the Quechuan three-vowel system, resulting in the following spellings: ''Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur''.

The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign and believe that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and they point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children later causes reading difficulties in Spanish.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

For more on this, see [[Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift]].

Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. These are sometimes adapted to modern orthography and sometimes left as in Spanish. For instance, "I am Roberto" could be written ''Robertom kani'' or ''Ruwirtum kani''. (The ''-m'' is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix, showing how the information is known: firsthand, in this case.)

The Peruvian linguist [[Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino]] has proposed an orthographic norm for all of [[Southern Quechua]]: this Standard Quechua (''el Quechua estándar'' or ''Hanan Runasimi'') conservatively integrates features of the two widespread dialects [[Ayacucho Quechua]] and [[Cusco Quechua]]. For instance:<ref>To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website [http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds The Sounds of the Andean Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109094302/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/ |date=2007-01-09 }}. It also has an entire section on the new [http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/Home/HomeSpelling.htm Quechua and Aymara Spelling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111174055/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/Home/HomeSpelling.htm |date=2013-11-11 }}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!English
!Ayacucho
!Cusco
!Standard Quechua
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| to drink
| upyay
| uhyay
| upyay
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| fast
| utqa
| usqha
| utqha
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| to work
| llamkay
| llank'ay
| llamk'ay
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| we (inclusive)
| ñuqanchik
| nuqanchis
| ñuqanchik
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| (progressive suffix)
| -chka-
| -sha-
| -chka-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| day
| punchaw
| p'unchay
| p'unchaw
|}

The Spanish-based orthography is now in conflict with Peruvian law. According to article 20 of the decree ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'', which approves regulations relative to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the [[toponym]]s in the normalized alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed, with the aim of standardizing the spellings used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)'' The IGN implements the necessary changes on the official maps of Peru.<ref name=decree>{{cite news|url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/|title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC|access-date=July 10, 2017|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/|url-status=live}}</ref>