Editing Putamen (section)

==Pathology==

===Parkinson's disease===
After discovering the function of the putamen, it has become apparent to neurologists that the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia play an important role in [[Parkinson's disease]] and other diseases that involve the degeneration of [[neurons]].<ref name="DeLong3">{{cite journal | journal = Arch. Neurol. |date=January 2007 | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–4 | title = Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia | author = DeLong MR |author2=Wichmann T  | pmid = 17210805 | doi =10.1001/archneur.64.1.20 | doi-access =  }}</ref>

Parkinson's disease is the slow and steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. In Parkinson's disease the putamen plays a key role because its inputs and outputs are interconnected to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. In Parkinson's disease the activity in direct pathways to interior globus pallidus decreases and activity in indirect pathways to external globus pallidus increases. It has also been noted that Parkinson's patients have a difficult time with motor planning.

===Other diseases and disorders===
The following diseases and disorders are linked with the putamen:

* Cognitive decline in [[Alzheimer's disease]]<ref name="Jong">{{cite journal | journal = Brain |date=December 2008 | volume = 131 | issue = 12 | pages = 3277–85 | title =  Strongly reduced volumes of putamen and thalamus in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study.| author = de Jong LW |author2=van der Hiele K |author3=Veer IM |author4=Houwing JJ |author5=Westendorp RG |author6=Bollen EL |author7=de Bruin PW |author8=Middelkoop HA |author9=van Buchem MA |author10=van der Grond J  | pmid = 19022861 | doi =10.1093/brain/awn278 | pmc = 2639208 }}</ref>
* [[Huntington's disease]]
* [[Wilson's disease]]
* [[Dementia]] with Lewy bodies
* Corticobasal degeneration
* [[Tourette syndrome]]
* [[Schizophrenia]]
* [[Major depressive disorder|Depression]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]<ref name="Teicher">{{cite journal | journal = Nature Medicine | year = 2000 | volume =  6| issue = 12 | pages = 470–3 | title =  Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry | author = Martin H. Teicher |author2=Carl M. Anderson |author3=Ann Polcari |author4=Carol A. Glod |author5=Luis C. Maas |author6=Perry F. Renshaw | pmid = 10742158 | doi = 10.1038/74737 | s2cid = 32093789 }}</ref>
* [[Chorea]]
* [[Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder]]<ref name="Radua and Mataix-Cols, 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Radua|first1=Joaquim|last2=Mataix-Cols|first2=David|date=November 2009|title=Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=195|pages=393–402|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046|pmid=19880927|issue=5|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=radua2010>{{Cite journal
| last1   = Radua | first1 = Joaquim
| last2   = van den Heuvel | first2 = Odile A.
| last3   = Surguladze | first3 = Simon
| last4   = Mataix-Cols | first4 = David
| title   = Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders
| journal = Archives of General Psychiatry
| volume  = 67
| issue   = 7
| pages   = 701–711
| date    = 5 July 2010
| doi     = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70
| pmid    = 20603451
| doi-access= 
}}
</ref>
* [[Kernicterus]]
* Other [[anxiety disorder]]s<ref name=radua2010 />