Editing Psychotherapy (section)

=== Child ===
{{main|Child psychotherapy}}

Psychotherapy needs to be adapted to meet the developmental needs of children. Depending on age, it is generally held to be one part of an effective strategy to help the needs of a child within the family setting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skumin |first=V. A. |title=Borderline mental disorders in chronic diseases of the digestive system in children and adolescents |script-title=ru: Pogranichnye psikhicheskie rasstroĭstva pri khronicheskikh bolezniakh pishchevaritel'noĭ sistemy u deteĭ i podrostkov |trans-title=Borderline mental disorders in chronic diseases of the digestive system in children and adolescents |year=1991 |location=[[Moscow]] |journal=[[:ru:Журнал неврологии и психиатрии имени С. С. Корсакова|Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova]] |url=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/4a53c04b-3d0d-3630-978f-b31041a10f36/ |language=ru |oclc=117464823 |access-date=18 January 2015 |issue=8 |pages=81–814 |volume=91 |pmid=1661526 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054309/https://www.mendeley.com/research/borderline-mental-disorders-chronic-diseases-digestive-system-children-adolescents/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Child psychotherapy training programs necessarily include courses in [[Developmental psychology|human development]]. Since children often do not have the ability to articulate thoughts and feelings, psychotherapists will use a variety of media such as musical instruments, sand and toys, crayons, paint, clay, puppets, bibliocounseling (books), or board games. The use of [[play therapy]] is often rooted in [[psychodynamics|psychodynamic theory]], but other approaches also exist.

In addition to therapy for the child, sometimes instead of it, children may benefit if their parents work with a therapist, take parenting classes, attend [[grief counseling]], or take other action to resolve stressful situations that affect the child. [[Parent management training]] is a highly effective form of psychotherapy that teaches parenting skills to reduce their child's behavior problems.

In many cases a different psychotherapist will work with the care taker of the child, while a colleague works with the child.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Schechter |first1= Daniel S. |author-link1= Daniel Schechter |last2= Willheim |first2= Erica | title = When parenting becomes unthinkable: intervening with traumatized parents and their toddlers | journal = [[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 249–53 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19242290 | doi = 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181948ff1}}</ref> Therefore, contemporary thinking on working with the younger age group has leaned towards working with parent and child simultaneously, as well as individually as needed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lieberman |first1= Alicia F. |last2= Van Horn |first2= Patricia |last3= Ippen |first3= Chondra G. | title = Toward evidence-based treatment: child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence | journal = [[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] | volume = 44 | issue = 12 | pages = 1241–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16292115 | doi = 10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58 | url = http://empower-daphne.psy.unipd.it/userfiles/file/pdf/Liberman%20A_F_%202005.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182043/http://empower-daphne.psy.unipd.it/userfiles/file/pdf/Liberman%20A_F_%202005.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Donner |first1= Michael B. |last2= VandeCreek |first2= Leon |last3= Gonsiorek |first3= John C. |last4= Fisher |first4= Celia B. |title= Balancing confidentiality: Protecting privacy and protecting the public |url= http://faculty.winthrop.edu/armisteadl/SchoolPsychologyResources/attachments/Donner_et_al_Balancin.pdf |journal= [[Professional Psychology: Research and Practice]] |department= Focus on Ethics |year= 2008 |volume= 39 |issue= 3 |pages= 369–76 |doi= 10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.369 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182529/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/armisteadl/SchoolPsychologyResources/attachments/Donner_et_al_Balancin.pdf |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all |access-date= 9 January 2014 }}</ref>