Editing Profumo affair (section)

==Aftermath==
Lord Denning's report was awaited with great anticipation by the public.{{#tag:ref|Large queues had formed at the government's Stationery Office bookshop before the shop opened at 12:30 am on 26 September 1963. In the first hour, 4,000 copies were sold, and 100,000 in the first few days.<ref>Denning, p. v and Davenport-Hines, p. 329</ref> |group= n}} Published on 26 September 1963, it concluded that there had been no security leaks in the Profumo affair and that the security services and government ministers had acted appropriately.<ref>Denning, p. 96</ref> Profumo had been guilty of an "indiscretion", but no one could doubt his loyalty.<ref>Denning, p. 9</ref> Denning also found no evidence to link members of the government with associated scandals such as the "man in the mask".<ref>Denning, pp. 107–10</ref> He laid most of the blame for the affair on Ward, an "utterly immoral" man whose diplomatic activities were "misconceived and misdirected".<ref>Denning, pp. 7 and 17</ref> Although ''The Spectator'' considered that the report marked the end of the affair,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=26 September 1963 |title=The End of the Affair |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-september-1963/3/the-end-of-the-affair-i-ord-denning-has-said-what |magazine=The Spectator |page=3 |access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> many commentators were disappointed with its content. Young found many questions unanswered and some of the reasoning defective,<ref>Young, p. 109</ref> while Davenport-Hines, writing long after the event, condemns the report as disgraceful, slipshod and prurient.<ref>Davenport-Hines, pp. 329–30</ref>

After the Denning Report, in defiance of general expectations that he would resign shortly, Macmillan announced his intention to stay on.<ref>Clark, pp. 324–25</ref> On the eve of the Conservative Party's annual [[party conference|conference]] in October 1963 he fell ill; his condition was less serious than he imagined and his life was not in danger but, convinced he had cancer, he resigned abruptly.<ref>Davenport-Hines, pp. 333–34</ref> Macmillan's successor as prime minister was [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Home]], who renounced his [[peerage]] and served as Sir Alec Douglas-Home.<ref>Davenport-Hines, p. 336</ref> In the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|October 1964 general election]] the Conservative Party was narrowly defeated, and Wilson became prime minister.<ref name="KK257">Knightley and Kennedy, pp. 257–58</ref> A later commentator opined that the Profumo affair had destroyed the old, aristocratic Conservative Party: "It wouldn't be too much to say that the Profumo scandal was the necessary prelude to the new Toryism, based on [[meritocracy]], which would eventually emerge under [[Margaret Thatcher]]".<ref>Cooper, p. 310</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' suggested that the scandal had effected a fundamental and permanent change in relations between politicians and press.<ref name="Econ" /> Davenport-Hines posits a longer-term consequence of the affair—the gradual ending of traditional notions of deference: "Authority, however disinterested, well-qualified and experienced, was [after June 1963] increasingly greeted with suspicion rather than trust".<ref>Davenport-Hines, p. 345</ref>

[[File:Toynbee Hall 2020.jpg|thumb|Toynbee Hall]]
After expressing his "deep remorse" to the prime minister, to his constituents and to the Conservative Party,<ref>Irving et al, p. 139</ref> Profumo disappeared from public view. In April 1964 he began working as a volunteer at the [[Toynbee Hall]] settlement, a charitable organisation based in [[Spitalfields]] which supports the most deprived residents in the [[East End of London]]. Profumo continued his association with the settlement for the remainder of his life, at first in a menial capacity, then as administrator, fund-raiser, council member, chairman and finally president.<ref name="DTel">{{cite news |date=11 March 2006 |title=Obituary: John Profumo |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1512656/John-Profumo.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1512656/John-Profumo.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Profumo's charitable work was recognised when he was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 1975.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46593 |date=6 June 1975 |page=7377|supp=y}}</ref> He was later described by Thatcher as a national hero and was a guest at her 80th birthday celebrations in 2005.<ref name="DTel" /> His marriage to Valerie Hobson lasted until her death on 13 November 1998, aged 81;<ref>Profumo, p. 286</ref> Profumo died, aged 91, on 9 March 2006.<ref name="odnbP" />

In December 1963 Keeler pleaded guilty to committing [[perjury]] at Gordon's June trial, and she was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, of which she served six months.<ref>Knightley and Kennedy, p. 252</ref> After two brief marriages in 1965–66 to James Levermore and in 1971–72 to Anthony Platt that produced a child each, the elder of whom was largely raised by Keeler's mother, Keeler largely lived alone from the mid-1990s until her death. Most of the considerable amount of money that she made from newspaper stories was dissipated by legal fees; during the 1970s, she said, "I was not living, I was surviving".<ref>Knightley and Kennedy, p. 256</ref> Keeler published several inconsistent accounts of her life, in which Ward has been variously represented as a "gentleman", her truest love,<ref>Summers and Dorril, p. 310</ref> a Soviet spy, and a traitor ranking alongside the [[Cambridge Five]].<ref>Keeler, pp. 73–80</ref> Keeler also claimed that Profumo impregnated her and that she subsequently underwent a painful abortion.<ref>Profumo, p. 204</ref><ref>Keeler, pp. 123 and 134</ref> Keeler died on 4 December 2017, aged 75.

Rice-Davies enjoyed a more successful post-scandal career as a nightclub owner, businesswoman, minor actress and novelist.<ref name="KK257" /> She was married three times, in what she described as her "slow descent into respectability".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pelling |first1=Rowan |date=2 October 2013 |title=Mandy's wise words for those caught in flagrante |page=28 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Of adverse press publicity she observed: "Like royalty, I simply do not complain".<ref>Quoted in Profumo, p. 204</ref> Rice-Davies died on 18 December 2014, aged 70.

Ward's role on behalf of MI5 was confirmed in 1982, when ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' located his former contact "Woods".<ref>Knightley and Kennedy, p. 253</ref> Although Denning always asserted that Ward's trial and conviction were fair and proper,<ref>Davenport-Hines, p. 332</ref> most commentators believe that it was deeply flawed—an "historical injustice" according to Davenport-Hines, who argues that the trial was an act of political revenge.<ref name="odnbW" /> One [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] judge said privately that he would have stopped the trial before it reached the jury.<ref>Levin, p. 85</ref> The human rights lawyer [[Geoffrey Robertson]] has campaigned for the case to be reopened on several grounds, including the premature scheduling of the trial, lack of evidence to support the main charges, and various misdirections by the trial judge in his summing-up.<ref>Robertson, pp. 125–57</ref> The [[Criminal Cases Review Commission]], which has the power to investigate suspected [[miscarriage of justice|miscarriages of justice]], reviewed Ward's case starting in early 2014,<ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=18 January 2014 |title=Rice-Davies challenges minister on Profumo case |page=13 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> but in 2017 decided not to refer it to the [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] after failing to find the original transcript of the judge's summing-up.<ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Ruth |date=8 September 2017 |title=Case of Profumo affair's 'pimp' will not go to court of appeal |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/sep/09/case-of-profumo-affairs-pimp-will-not-go-to-court-of-appeal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908235203/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/sep/09/case-of-profumo-affairs-pimp-will-not-go-to-court-of-appeal |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>

After his recall in January 1963, Ivanov disappeared for several decades.<ref>Summers and Dorril, p. 279</ref> In 1992 his memoirs, ''The Naked Spy'', were serialised in ''The Sunday Times''. When this account was challenged by Profumo's lawyers, the publishers removed the offending material.<ref>Profumo, pp. 282–83</ref> In August 2015 ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper published a preview of a forthcoming history of Soviet intelligence activities, by Jonathan Haslam. This book suggests that the relationship between Ivanov and Profumo was closer than the latter admitted, alleging that Ivanov visited Profumo's home and that such was the slackness of security arrangements that he was able to photograph sensitive documents left lying about in the minister's study.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keys |first=David |date=14 August 2015 |title=The real Profumo scandal: Book claims Russian spy 'photographed top secret documents' |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-real-profumo-scandal-book-claims-russian-spy-photographed-top-secret-documents-10456583.html}}</ref><ref name="pat">{{cite news |last=Sawer |first=Patrick |date=15 August 2015 |title=Profumo Affair 'caused real damage' to British security, claims historian |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/11804870/Profumo-Affair-caused-real-damage-to-British-security-claims-historian.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815092308/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/11804870/Profumo-Affair-caused-real-damage-to-British-security-claims-historian.html |archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

Keeler describes a 1993 meeting with Ivanov in Moscow; she also records that he died the following year, aged 68.<ref>Keeler, pp. 278–79</ref> Astor was deeply upset at finding himself under police investigation, and by the social ostracism that followed the Ward trial.<ref>Davenport-Hines, pp. 284 and 305–06</ref> After his death in 1966, Cliveden House which had been gifted to the National Trust in 1942 became first the UK campus of [[Stanford University]] and later a luxury hotel.<ref name="KK257" /> Rachman, who had first come to public notice as a sometime-boyfriend of both Keeler and Rice-Davies, was revealed as an unscrupulous [[slumlord|slum landlord]]; the word "Rachmanism" entered English dictionaries as the standard term for landlords who exploit or intimidate their tenants.<ref>Davenport-Hines, pp. 148 and 316–17</ref>