Editing Pragmatism (section)

==Neopragmatism<!--'Radical pragmatism' and 'Methodological pragmatism' redirect here-->==
{{main|Neopragmatism}}
[[Neopragmatism]] is a broad contemporary category used for various thinkers that incorporate important insights of, and yet significantly diverge from, the classical pragmatists. This divergence may occur either in their philosophical methodology (many of them are loyal to the analytic tradition) or in conceptual formation: for example, conceptual pragmatist [[C.&nbsp;I. Lewis]] was very critical of Dewey; [[neopragmatist]] [[Richard Rorty]] disliked Peirce.

Important [[Analytic pragmatism|analytic pragmatists]] include early [[Richard Rorty]] (who was the first to develop neopragmatist philosophy in his ''[[Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature]]'' (1979),<ref name=IEP>{{Cite web|title=Pragmatism |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|url=https://iep.utm.edu/pragmati/|access-date=2023-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hilary Putnam]], [[W.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;O. Quine]], and [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]]. Brazilian social thinker [[Roberto Unger]] advocates for a '''radical pragmatism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, one that "de-naturalizes" society and culture, and thus insists that we can "transform the character of our relation to social and cultural worlds we inhabit rather than just to change, little by little, the content of the arrangements and beliefs that comprise them".<ref>{{cite book|last=Unger|first=Roberto|title=The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound|url=https://archive.org/details/selfawakenedprag00unge|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03496-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/selfawakenedprag00unge/page/n17 6]–7}}</ref> Late Rorty and [[Jürgen Habermas]] are closer to [[Continental philosophy|Continental thought]].

Neopragmatist thinkers who are more loyal to classical pragmatism include [[Sidney Hook]] and [[Susan Haack]] (known for the theory of [[foundherentism]]). Many pragmatist ideas (especially those of Peirce) find a natural expression in the decision-theoretic reconstruction of epistemology pursued in the work of [[Isaac Levi]]. [[Nicholas Rescher]] advocated his version of '''methodological pragmatism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, based on construing pragmatic efficacy not as a replacement for truths but as a means to its evidentiation.<ref>Nicholas Rescher, "Methodological Pragmatism", ''Journal of Philosophy'' '''76'''(6):338–342 (1979).</ref> Rescher was also a proponent of [[pragmatic idealism]].

Not all pragmatists are easily characterized. With the advent of [[postanalytic philosophy]] and the diversification of Anglo-American philosophy, many philosophers were influenced by pragmatist thought without necessarily publicly committing themselves to that philosophical school. [[Daniel Dennett]], a student of Quine's, falls into this category, as does [[Stephen Toulmin]], who arrived at his philosophical position via [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]], whom he calls "a pragmatist of a sophisticated kind".<ref>foreword for Dewey 1929 in the 1988 edition, p. xiii</ref> Another example is [[Mark Johnson (professor)|Mark Johnson]] whose [[embodied philosophy]]<ref>Lakoff and Johnson 1999</ref> shares its psychologism, direct realism and anti-cartesianism with pragmatism. Conceptual pragmatism is a theory of knowledge originating with the work of the philosopher and logician [[Clarence Irving Lewis]]. The epistemology of conceptual pragmatism was first formulated in the 1929 book ''Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge''.

French pragmatism is attended with theorists such as [[Michel Callon]], [[Bruno Latour]], [[Michel Crozier]], [[Luc Boltanski]], and [[Laurent Thévenot]]. It often is seen as opposed to structural problems connected to the French [[critical theory]] of [[Pierre Bourdieu]]. French pragmatism has more recently made inroads into American sociology and anthropology as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simko |first1=Christina |title=Rhetorics of Suffering |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2012 |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=880–902 |doi=10.1177/0003122412458785|s2cid=145559039 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dromi |first1=Shai M. |last2=Stabler |first2=Samuel D. |title=Good on paper: sociological critique, pragmatism, and secularization theory |journal=Theory and Society |date=2019 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=325–350 |doi=10.1007/s11186-019-09341-9|s2cid=151250246 |url=http://osf.io/ke2d8/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Andrew C. |last2=Dromi |first2=Shai M. |title=Advertising morality: maintaining moral worth in a stigmatized profession |journal=Theory and Society |date=15 February 2018 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=175–206 |doi=10.1007/s11186-018-9309-7 |s2cid=49319915 |url=http://osf.io/h6kvu/ }}</ref>

Philosophers John R. Shook and Tibor Solymosi said that "each new generation rediscovers and reinvents its own versions of pragmatism by applying the best available practical and scientific methods to philosophical problems of contemporary concern".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shook |first1=John R. |last2=Solymosi |first2=Tibor |date=April 2013 |title=Pragmatism: key resources |journal=[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]] |volume=50 |pages=1367–1377 (1367) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271041927}}</ref>