Editing Politics of China (section)

==Foreign relations==
{{Main|Foreign relations of China|Foreign policy of China}}
[[File:Bushhujintao.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] and US president [[George W. Bush]], with first ladies [[Liu Yongqing]] and [[Laura Bush]], wave from the White House. The [[Sino-American relations|relationship]] between the world's sole [[superpower]] [[United States]] and the [[emerging superpower]] status of the PRC is closely watched by international observers.]][[File:Karakorum-carretera-d08.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Karakoram Highway]] connecting China and [[Pakistan]] is an example of China's international development involvements.]]
The PRC maintains diplomatic relations with most countries in the world. In 1971, the PRC replaced the [[Republic of China]], commonly known as "Taiwan" since the 1970s, as the sole representative of China in the [[United Nations]] and as one of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>Eddy Chang (22 Aug 2004). [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/08/22/2003199768 Perseverance will pay off at the UN] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806100002/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/08/22/2003199768 |date=6 August 2007 }}, The Taipei Times, 22 August 2004</ref> China had been represented by the Republic of China at the time of the UN's founding in 1945. (See also [[China and the United Nations]].)

Under the [[One-China policy]], the PRC has made it a precondition to establishing diplomatic relations that the other country acknowledges its claim to all of China, including [[Taiwan]], and severs any official ties with the Republic of China (ROC) government. The government actively opposes foreign government meetings with the [[14th Dalai Lama]] in a political capacity, as the spokesperson for a separatist movement in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-22 |title=Ignoring China's protest, Obama hosts Dalai Lama |url=https://apnews.com/28e972fcf7734e21af0ab1f5ffabb3c8 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The PRC has been playing a leading role in calling for [[free trade area]]s and security pacts amongst its Asia-Pacific neighbours. In 2004, the PRC proposed an entirely new [[East Asia Summit]] (EAS) framework as a forum for regional security issues that pointedly excluded the United States.<ref>Dillon, Dana and John Tkacik Jr, [http://www.policyreview.org/134/dillon.html "China's Quest for Asia"] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210135228/http://www.policyreview.org/134/dillon.html |date=10 February 2006 }}, ''Policy Review'', December 2005 and January 2006, Issue No. 134. Accessed 22 April 2006.</ref> The EAS, which includes [[ASEAN Plus Three]], [[India]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], held its inaugural summit in 2005. China is also a founding member of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO), alongside [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Scott-Smith |first=Giles |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=2020 |work=The Changing Global Order: Challenges and Prospects |series=United Nations University Series on Regionalism |volume=17 |pages=177–191 |editor-last=Hosli |editor-first=Madeleine O. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21603-0_10 |access-date=2024-06-28 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-21603-0_10 |isbn=978-3-030-21603-0 |editor2-last=Selleslaghs |editor2-first=Joren}}</ref>

Much of the current{{when|date=April 2020}} foreign policy is based on the concept of "[[China's peaceful development]]".{{Update inline|date=April 2020|reason=Policy seems outdated according to the linked article}} Nonetheless, crises in relations with foreign countries have occurred at various times in its recent history, particularly with the United States; e.g., the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in [[Belgrade]] during the [[Kosovo War|Kosovo conflict]] in May 1999 and the [[Hainan Island incident]] in April 2001. China's foreign relations with many Western nations suffered for a time following the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]. A much troubled foreign relationship is that between [[Sino-Japanese relations|China and Japan]], which has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its wartime past to the satisfaction of the PRC, such as [[Historical negationism|revisionistic]] comments made by prominent Japanese officials, and insufficient details given to the [[Nanking Massacre|Nanjing Massacre]] and other [[Japanese war crimes|atrocities]] committed during [[World War II]] in [[Japanese history textbook controversies|Japanese history textbooks]]. Another point of conflict between the two countries is the frequent visits by Japanese government officials to the [[Yasukuni Shrine]], which honors not only Japanese World War II dead but also many convicted World War II war criminals, including 14 Class A convictions.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

=== Foreign aid ===
{{Main|Chinese foreign aid|Belt and Road Initiative}}
After the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] under the CCP in 1949, China joined the international community in providing foreign aid. In the past few decades, the international community has seen an increase in Chinese foreign aid. Specifically, a recent example is the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] (BRI), a global infrastructure project that was launched in 2013 by Chinese leader Xi Jinping.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526233755/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative |url-status=live }}</ref> The stated goal of the program is to expand maritime routes and land infrastructure networks connecting China with Asia, Africa, and Europe, boosting trade and economic growth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belt and Road Initiative|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative|access-date=2021-05-14|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134904/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative|url-status=live}}</ref> It involves a massive development of trade routes that will create a large expansion of land transportation infrastructure and new ports in the Pacific and Indian oceans to facilitate regional and intercontinental trade flow and increase oil and gas supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ascensão |first1=Fernando |last2=Fahrig |first2=Lenore |last3=Clevenger |first3=Anthony P. |last4=Corlett |first4=Richard T. |last5=Jaeger |first5=Jochen A. G. |last6=Laurance |first6=William F. |last7=Pereira |first7=Henrique M. |date=May 2018 |title=Environmental challenges for the Belt and Road Initiative |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0059-3 |journal=[[Nature Sustainability]] |language=en |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=206–209 |doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0059-3 |bibcode=2018NatSu...1..206A |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=133850310 |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618162814/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0059-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== International territorial disputes ===
{{Main|Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China}}
The PRC is in a number of [[Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China|international territorial disputes]], several of which involved the Sino-Russian border. Although the great majority of them are now resolved,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kironska |first1=Kristina |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003350064 |title=Contemporary China: A New Superpower? |last2=Turcsanyi |first2=Richard Q. |date=2023-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-35006-4 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=225 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003350064}}</ref> China's territorial disputes have led to several localized wars in the last 50 years, including the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]] in 1969 and the [[Sino-Vietnam War]] in 1979. In 2001, China and Russia signed the [[2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship|Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation]],<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-03/21/content_548330.htm Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826175727/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-03/21/content_548330.htm |date=26 August 2006 }} (21 March 2006). Retrieved 16 April 2006.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2020}} which ended the conflict. Other territorial disputes include islands in the [[East China Sea|East]] and [[South China Sea]]s, and undefined or disputed borders with India, [[Bhutan]] and [[North Korea]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}