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==Nepotism and dynastic politics== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Sheikh Hasina in London cropped.jpg | width1 = 140 | alt1 = Sheikh Hasina | link1 = Sheikh Hasina | caption1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]] | image2 = Khaleda Zia former Prime Minister of Bangladesh cropped.jpg | width2 = 140 | alt2 = Khaleda Zia | link2 = Khaleda Zia | caption2 = [[Khaleda Zia]] | footer = Popularly known as the "[[Battle of Begums|Battling Begums]]";<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Alam |first=Julhas |date=5 January 2014 |title=Fear for Bangladesh as 'Begums' fight forfuture power |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/452021/Fear-for-Bangladesh-as-Begums-fight-forfuture-power |newspaper=[[Daily Express]] |location=London}}</ref> The two women have ruled Bangladesh as prime ministers at various times between 1991-2024.<ref name="The Economist">{{cite magazine |title=Women and property rights: Who owns Bangladesh? |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/08/women-and-property-rights |magazine=[[The Economist]] |type=Blog |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Torild |first=Skard |date=2014 |title=Women of power: Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmw5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |publisher=Policy Press |pages=135β |isbn=978-1-4473-1578-0}}</ref> }} [[Dynastic politics|Political dynasties]] are a common occurrence in East Asia, and have been prevalent in Bangladesh since it gained independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/4974-dynasty-or-democracy-party-politics-in-bangladesh.pdf |title=Pamphlet |website=www.cmi.no}}</ref> A political dynasty usually refers to a party or any political body run by a single family, with long-established economic or political dominance passed down or inherited. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amundsen |first=Inge |date=2013-11-27 |title=Democratic dynasties? Internal party democracy in Bangladesh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068813511378 |journal=Party Politics |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=49β58 |doi=10.1177/1354068813511378 |s2cid=145592351 |issn=1354-0688}}</ref> The influence of political dynasties often spills over to the general public sphere<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=622 Manzurul Mannan, Governing culture of the ruling elite in Bangladesh |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2011/622/622_manzurul_mannan.htm |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref>and prevalence of this phenomenon has the potential to discourage civil society organizations from taking part in politics <ref name=":0" /> There are several suggested explanations for the prevalence and success of dynastic politics. # The name becomes synonymous with success and leadership, while connections and [[political capital]]. # Leaders who are connected in collective memory to momentous events are perceived as possessing positive characters such as courage and assertiveness, that can be passed onto the next generation. # The above explanation can be applied to parties themselves - party members tend to support candidates that are related to previously successful ones, due to the perception of inherited traits. # A tendency for traditionalism, especially in societies where family relations and kinship are central to the culture. # Poorer constituencies tend to gravitate towards wealthier, more well-educated politicians, that represent leadership skills as they perceive them. Two major political dynasties, one led by former prime minister [[Khaleda Zia]], the widow of former military ruler [[Ziaur Rahman]], who has led the BNP since 1981, and her son Tarique Rahman, alongside the prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], daughter of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], who has led the AL since 1981, are known for their rivalry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: breaking with dynasty |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/bangladesh-breaking-dynasty |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.lowyinstitute.org |language=en}}</ref> In recent years, increased awareness of the adverse effects of this political system has caused some shift in public perception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-14 |title=Do political dynasties hinder development? |url=https://www.theigc.org/collections/do-political-dynasties-hinder-development |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=International Growth Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: breaking with dynasty |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/bangladesh-breaking-dynasty |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.lowyinstitute.org |language=en}}</ref>
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