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===Window materials=== The windows of the photomultipliers act as wavelength filters; this may be irrelevant if the cutoff wavelengths are outside of the application range or outside of the photocathode sensitivity range, but special care has to be taken for uncommon wavelengths. [[Borosilicate glass]] is commonly used for near-infrared to about 300 nm. [[Borosilicate_glass#High-borate_borosilicate_glasses|High borate borosilicate glasses]] exist also in high UV transmission versions with high transmission also at 254 nm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schott.com/tubing/english/product_selector/#!/region--all/lang--english/product--8337B/propuvtransp|title=SCHOTT - Glass Tubing Explorer|website=www.schott.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711121216/http://www.schott.com/tubing/english/product_selector/#!/region--all/lang--english/product--8337B/propuvtransp|archive-date=2016-07-11}}</ref> Glass with very low content of [[potassium]] can be used with bialkali photocathodes to lower the background radiation from the [[potassium-40]] isotope. Ultraviolet glass transmits visible and ultraviolet down to 185 nm. Used in spectroscopy. Synthetic [[fused quartz|silica]] transmits down to 160 nm, absorbs less UV than fused silica. Different thermal expansion than [[kovar]] (and than borosilicate glass that's [[Glass-to-metal_seal|expansion-matched]] to kovar), a graded seal needed between the window and the rest of the tube. The seal is vulnerable to mechanical shocks. [[Magnesium fluoride]] transmits ultraviolet down to 115 nm. [[Hygroscopic]], though less than other alkali halides usable for UV windows.
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