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===Bibliography=== <!--reference works--> <!--secondary sources--> * {{citation|last=Allen|first=Larry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC|title=The Encyclopedia of Money|publisher=ABC Clio|location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Sta. Barbara]]|contribution=Carolingian Reform|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC&pg=PA59|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC&pg=PA59 59β60]|date=2009|isbn=978-1-59884-251-7}}. * {{citation|last=Blackburn|first=M.A.S.|author2=P. Grierson|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|Blackburn & al.|1986}}|title=Medieval European Coinage, ''Vol. 1:'' The Early Middle Ages (5thβ10th centuries)|location=Cambridge|date=1986}}. * {{citation|last=Bosworth|author2-last=Toller|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|Bosworth & al}}|title=An Old English Dictionary}}. * {{Cite EB1911|editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |date=1911 |wstitle= Penny |volume= 21 | pages = 115–116 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} }} * {{citation|last=Chown|first=John F|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4OGAgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Money from AD 800|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-10279-0}}. * {{citation|last=Cipolla|first=Carlo M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3zCJ_sN6K0C|title=Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000β1700|date=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780203695128}}. * {{citation|last=Ferguson|first=Wallace K.|title=The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141: 1484 to 1500|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=0-8020-1981-1|date=1974|contribution=Money and Coinage of the Age of Erasmus: An Historical and Analytical Glossary with Particular Reference to France, the Low Countries, England, the Rhineland, and Italy|pages=311β349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC&pg=PA311}}. * {{citation|last=Frassetto|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC|title=Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation|date=2003|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=9781576072639}}. * {{citation|last=Keary|first=Charles Francis|date=2005|title=A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series, ''Vol. I''|editor-last=Poole|editor-first=Reginald Stewart|display-editors=0}}. * {{citation|last=Munro|first=John H.|editor-last=Munro|editor-first=John H.|display-editors=0|title=Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements, and Coin Substitutes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ|date=2012|publisher=Pickering & Chatto, republished 2016 by Routledge|isbn=978-1-84893-230-2|contribution=The Technology and Economics of Coinage Debasements in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: With Special Reference to the Low Countries and England|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 30 ff]}}. * {{citation|first=Martin|last=Scott|date=1964|title=Medieval Europe|publisher=Dorset Press|location=New York|isbn=0-88029-115-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/medievaleurope0000scot}}. * {{citation|publisher=National Bank of Belgium Museum|ref={{harvid|NBB|2006}}|date=November 2006|url=http://www.nbbmuseum.be/2006/11/islam.htm|title=Islam and the Carolingian Penny}}. * {{citation|last=Selgin|first=George A.|title=Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginnings of Modern Coinage, 1775β1821|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAbe9PdbVaEC|year=2008|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11631-7}}. * {{citation|last=Suchodolski|first=Stanislaw|contribution=On the Rejection of Good Coin in Carolingian Europe|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147 147β152]|title=Studies in Numismatic Method: Presented to Philip Grierson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ag9AAAAIAAJ|editor-last=Brooke|editor-first=C.N.L.|editor2-last=Stewart|editor2-first=B.H.I.H.|editor3-last=Pollard|editor3-first=J.G.|editor4-last=Volk|editor4-first=T.R.|display-editors=0|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|date=1983|isbn=0-521-22503-5}}.
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