Editing Paris (section)

==Cityscape==
{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The [[Seine]] river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left|dir=rtl}}

===Urbanism and architecture===
{{See also|Architecture of Paris|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|Religious buildings in Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}
[[File:Rue de Rivoli at night, Paris August 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Rue de Rivoli]]]]
[[File:Paris Place des Vosges 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Place des Vosges]], the oldest planned square in Paris]]
Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Paris Street Evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 July 2013 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2153 |doi=10.1038/srep02153 |last1=Barthelemy |first1=Marc |last2=Bordin |first2=Patricia |last3=Berestycki |first3=Henri |last4=Gribaudi |first4=Maurizio |pmid=23835429 |s2cid=11824030 |pmc=3703887 |issn = 2045-2322}}</ref> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris  was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the [[Seine]]. Of those, two remain today: [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the [[Île de la Cité]]. A third one is the 1827 artificially created [[Île aux Cygnes]].

Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to [[Napoleon III]] and his Prefect of the Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Baron Haussmann]]. Between [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre]], created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "[[Paris stone]]". They built the major parks around central Paris.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris de Haussmann'', Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-907970-98-3}}</ref> The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.{{sfn|Braimoh|Vlek|2008|p=12}}

Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<ref name="plan hauteurs">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |title=Plan des hauteurs |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |website=Mairie de Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.<ref name="plan hauteurs"/> The {{cvt|210|m}} [[Tour Montparnasse]] was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/ |title=Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194654/http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, this record has been held by the [[La Défense]] quarter [[Tour First]] tower in [[Courbevoie]].

===Housing===
[[File:Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg|thumb|[[Front de Seine]] development along the river [[Seine]]]]

In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was [[Avenue Montaigne]], at 22,372 euros per square metre.<ref>''Challenges'', www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.</ref> In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was {{formatnum:1356074}}. Among these, {{formatnum:1165541}} (85.9 percent) were main residences, {{formatnum:91835}} (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.<ref name="insee_logement">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |title=Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |date=2011 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.<ref name="notaires_idf">{{cite web |url=http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |title=Un territoire ancien et de petite taille |publisher=www.notaires.paris-idf.fr |date=February 2012 |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence.<ref name="notaires_idf"/> In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.<ref>''Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres'', Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.</ref>
[[File:Paris 19th Arrondissement Residential Area.jpg|thumb|left|225px|19th Arrondissement Residential Area]]

In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<ref>''Le Monde'', 18 March 2019.</ref>

===Suburbs===
[[File:Paris,_France,_September_24,_2016_SkySat.jpg|thumb|Western Paris in 2016, photographed by a [[SkySat]] satellite]]
[[File:West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse - 2019-09-18.jpg|thumb|West of Paris seen from [[Tour Montparnasse]], 2019]]
Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative [[Seine (department)|Seine]] department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "[[Île-de-France]]" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |title=Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=DRIEA Île-de-France |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101005621/http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du [[Grand Paris]] came into existence.<ref name=MGP>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |title=Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. [[Paul Delouvrier]] promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs ''mésentente'' when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.{{sfn|Masson|1984|p=536}} Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities"){{sfn|Yarri|2008|p=407}} and the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] commuter train network.{{sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=46–47}}

Many other suburban residential districts (''grands ensembles'') were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.{{sfn|Castells|1983|p=75}} These districts were socially mixed at first,{{sfn|Tomas|Blanc|Bonilla|IERP|2003|p=237}} but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.<ref name="villes nouvelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article+villes+nouvelles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles |publisher=Laburba.fr |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.<ref name="villes nouvelles"/>

These areas, ''quartiers sensibles'' ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its [[Goutte d'Or]] and [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] [[department (France)|department]], and to a lesser extreme to the east in the [[Val-d'Oise]] [[department (France)|department]]. Other difficult areas are located in the [[Seine]] valley, in [[Évry (Essonne)|Évry]] et [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] ([[Essonne (département)|Essonne]]), in [[Les Mureaux|Mureaux]], [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] ([[Yvelines]]), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |title=Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus) |access-date = 10 November 2014 |website=SIG du secretariat générale du SIV |publisher=Ministère de l'Egalité des Territoires et du Logement |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |archive-date = 16 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Paris agglomeration's [[urban sociology]] is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]] to the east and [[Enghien-les-Bains]] to the north of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1 |title=Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France |publisher=INSEE |access-date=26 November 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014922/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm#carte1 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>