Editing Parapsychology (section)

===Dream telepathy===
{{Main|Dream telepathy}}

Parapsychological studies into dream telepathy were carried out at the [[Maimonides Medical Center]] in [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] led by [[Stanley Krippner]] and [[Montague Ullman]]. They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy.<ref name=ullmanweb>{{cite book|title=Psychoanalysis and the paranormal: lands of darkness|series=Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|editor1-first=Nick|editor1-last=Totton|publisher=Karnac Books| pages= 14–46|year=2003|isbn=978-1855759855|first=Montague|last=Ullman|author-link=Montague Ullman|chapter=Dream telepathy: experimental and clinical findings}}</ref> However, the results have not been independently replicated.<ref>Parker, Adrian. (1975). ''States of Mind: ESP and Altered States of Consciousness''. Taplinger. p. 90. {{ISBN|0800873742}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clemmer | first1 = E. J. | year = 1986 | title = Not so anomalous observations question ESP in dreams | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 41 | issue = 10| pages = 1173–1174 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1173.b}}</ref><ref>[[Ray Hyman|Hyman, Ray]]. (1986). ''Maimonides dream-telepathy experiments''. Skeptical Inquirer 11: 91–92.</ref><ref>Neher, Andrew. (2011). ''Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination''. Dover Publications. p. 145. {{ISBN|0486261670}}</ref>

The picture target experiments that Krippner and Ullman conducted were criticized by [[C. E. M. Hansel]]. According to Hansel, there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agents became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target, and no other person should have known until the targets were judged; however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote that the experiment had poor controls as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject.<ref>[[C. E. M. Hansel|Hansel, C. E. M.]] ''The Search for a Demonstration of ESP''. In [[Paul Kurtz|Kurtz, Paul]]. (1985). ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology''. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–127. {{ISBN|0879753005}}</ref> In 2002, Krippner denied Hansel's accusations, claiming the agent did not communicate with the experimenter.<ref>[[Koneru Ramakrishna Rao|Ramakrishna Rao, K]], Gowri Rammohan, V. (2002). ''New Frontiers of Human Science: A Festschrift for K. Ramakrishna Rao''. McFarland. p. 135. {{ISBN|0786414537}}</ref>

Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes attempted to replicate the picture-target experiments. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Belvedere | first1 = E. | last2 = Foulkes | first2 = D. | year = 1971 | title = Telepathy and Dreams: A Failure to Replicate | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 783–789 | doi=10.2466/pms.1971.33.3.783| pmid = 4331356 | s2cid = 974894 }}</ref> Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative.<ref>[[C. E. M. Hansel|Hansel, C. E. M]]. (1989). ''The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited''. Prometheus Books. pp. 141–152. {{ISBN|0879755164}}</ref>

In 2003, Simon Sherwood and Chris Roe wrote a review that claimed support for dream telepathy at Maimonides.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sherwood | first1 = S. J | last2 = Roe | first2 = C. A. | year = 2003 | title = A Review of Dream ESP Studies Conducted Since the Maimonides Dream ESP Programme | journal = Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume = 10 | pages = 85–109 }}</ref> However, [[James Alcock]] noted that their review was based on "extreme messiness" of data. Alcock concluded the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alcock | first1 = James | author-link = James Alcock | year = 2003 | title = Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi | journal = Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume = 10 | pages = 29–50 }} "In their article, Sherwood and Roe examine attempts to replicate the well-known Maimonides dream studies that began in the 1960s. They provide a good review of these studies of dream telepathy and clairvoyance, but if one thing emerges for me from their review, it is the extreme messiness of the data adduced. Lack of replication is rampant. While one would normally expect that continuing scientific scrutiny of a phenomenon should lead to stronger effect sizes as one learns more about the subject matter and refines the methodology, this is apparently not the case with this research."</ref>