Editing Pangolin (section)

==Conservation==
[[File:Prince of Wales Pangolin Armour.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A coat of [[scale armour|armour made of gilded pangolin scales]] from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then [[Prince of Wales]], the later [[Edward VII]].]]

As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shibaike|first=Takumi|date=2021|title=Small NGOs and Agenda-Setting in Global Conservation Governance: The Case of Pangolin Conservation|journal=Global Environmental Politics|volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=45–69|doi=10.1162/glep_a_00623|s2cid=240588135|issn=1526-3800|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{As of|January 2020}}, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its [[IUCN Red List|Red List of Threatened Species]] as threatened.<ref name="IUCN Manidae"/> The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and [[trafficking]] of the animal while educating communities on its importance.<ref name="pangolinsg">{{cite web |title=Action Plan |website=www.pangolinsg.org |url=http://www.pangolinsg.org/members-work/action-plan/ |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710234327/http://www.pangolinsg.org/members-work/action-plan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked.<ref name="Haenlein-2018"/> In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking.<ref>Xinhua News (21 November 2018) [https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065637/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/21/c_137620372.htm Spotlight: Pangolin conservationists call for ban on illegal trade of mammal products]</ref><ref>China Plus (18 February 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170222062715/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2017/02/18/3124s952140.htm World Pangolin Day: Conservationists demand greater protection to stop extinction]</ref><ref>Xinhua News (8 June 2018) [http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/08/c_137240161.htm How China is combating wildlife trafficking in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050244/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/08/c_137240161.htm |date=30 November 2020 }}</ref> Wildlife conservation group [[Traffic (conservation programme)|TRAFFIC]] has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pangolins – Species we work with at TRAFFIC |website=www.traffic.org |url=https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/pangolins/ |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Myanmar Illicit Endangered Wildlife Market 04 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in [[Myanmar]]]]

Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful.<ref name="Hua-2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aitken-Palmer |first1=Copper |last2=deMaar |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Johnson |first3=James G. |last4=Langan |first4=Jennifer |last5=Bergmann |first5=Jonathan |last6=Chinnadurai |first6=Sathya |last7=Guerra |first7=Hector |last8=Carboni |first8=Deborah A. |last9=Adkesson |first9=Michael J. |date=September 2019 |title=Complications Associated with Pregnancy and Parturition in African White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus Tricuspis) |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |doi=10.1638/2019-0019 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=678–687 |pmid=33517639 |s2cid=202727948}}</ref> Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choo |first1=S. W. |last2=Rayko |first2=M. |last3=Tan |first3=T. K. |last4=Hari |first4=R. |last5=Komissarov |first5=A. |last6=Wee |first6=W. Y. |last7=Yurchenko |first7=A. A. |last8=Kliver |first8=S. |last9=Tamazian |first9=G. |last10=Antunes |first10=A. |last11=Wilson |first11=R. K. |last12=Warren |first12=W. C. |last13=Koepfli |first13=K. P. |last14=Minx |first14=P. |last15=Krasheninnikova |first15=K. |last16=Kotze |first16=A. |last17=Dalton |first17=D. L. |last18=Vermaak |first18=E. |last19=Paterson |first19=I. C. |last20=Dobrynin |first20=P. |last21=Sitam |first21=F. T. |last22=Rovie-Ryan |first22=J. J. |last23=Johnson |first23=W. E. |last24=Yusoff |first24=A. M. |last25=Luo |first25=S. J. |last26=Karuppannan |first26=K. V. |last27=Fang |first27=G. |last28=Zheng |first28=D. |last29=Gerstein |first29=M. B. |last30=Lipovich |first30=L. |display-authors=1 |year=2016 |title=Pangolin genomes and the evolution of mammalian scales and immunity |journal=Genome Research |doi=10.1101/gr.203521.115 |pmid=27510566 |pmc=5052048 |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1312–1322}}</ref> They are susceptible to diseases such as [[pneumonia]] and the development of [[Stress ulcer|ulcers]] in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death.<ref name="Hua-2015"/> In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as [[intestinal worms]], further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to the wild.<ref name="Hua-2015"/>

The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Challender |first1=Daniel W. S. |last2=Sas-Rolfes |first2=Michael't |last3=Ades |first3=Gary W. J. |last4=Chin |first4=Jason S. C. |last5=Ching-Min Sun |first5=Nick |last6=Chong |first6=Ju lian |last7=Connelly |first7=Ellen |last8=Hywood |first8=Lisa |last9=Luz |first9=Sonja |last10=Mohapatra |first10=Rajesh K. |last11=de Ornellas |first11=Paul |date=1 October 2019 |title=Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00714 |volume=20 |pages=e00714 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019GEcoC..2000714C |hdl=2263/75894 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=World Pangolin Day – About |publisher=Pangolins.org/Annamiticus |url=https://www.pangolins.org/about-us/}}</ref> World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness about pangolins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Marcus A.H. |last2=Tan |first2=Audrey |last3=Carrasco |first3=Luis Roman |title=Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir? |journal=Biological Conservation |date=2021 |volume=255 |pages=109002 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002|bibcode=2021BCons.25509002C |s2cid=233836573 }}</ref>

In 2017, [[Jackie Chan]] made a public service announcement called ''[[WildAid]]: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin)''.<ref name=pangolins>{{cite news |date=23 August 2017 |title=Jackie Chan fights for pangolins |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-08/23/content_31006476.htm |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (''Manis culionensis''), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2021|title=It's not too late – yet – to save the Philippine pangolin, study finds|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/01/its-not-too-late-yet-to-save-the-philippine-pangolin-study-finds/|access-date=27 January 2021|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2020|title=Scaling up local ecological knowledge to prioritise areas for protection: Determining Philippine pangolin distribution, status and threats|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|language=en|volume=24|pages=e01395|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01395|issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free|last1=Archer|first1=Lucy J.|last2=Papworth|first2=Sarah K.|last3=Apale|first3=Charity M.|last4=Corona|first4=Darlyn B.|last5=Gacilos|first5=Josefa T.|last6=Amada|first6=Ronald L.|last7=Waterman|first7=Carly|last8=Turvey|first8=Samuel T.|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2401395A }}</ref>

===Taiwan===
[[Taiwan]] is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan's Path to Pangolin Conservation : How a Mega Pangolin Leather Exporter Transformed into a Conservation Specialist |url=https://www.twreporter.org/a/pangolin-conservation-history-in-taiwan-english |date=23 June 2019 |work=[[The Reporter (Taiwan)]] |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan ([[Yanping Township]]) in [[Taitung County|Taitung]] and [[Xiulin, Hualien|Xiulin]] townships in [[Hualien County|Hualien]] became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pei |first1=Curtis Jai-Chyi |last2=Chen |first2=Chen-Chih |last3=Chi |first3=Meng-Jou |last4=Lin |first4=Wen-Chi |last5=Lin |first5=Jing-Shiun |last6=Arora |first6=Bharti |last7=Sun |first7=Nick Ching-Min |date=6 February 2019 |title=Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin (''Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla'') |journal=PLOS ONE |location=Pingtung, Taiwan |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=e0198230 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1498230S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198230 |pmc=6364958 |pmid=30726204 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/feature/pangolin-conservation/125149 |date=25 September 2019 |work=[[The News Lens]] |access-date= 8 February 2020}}</ref>