Editing Pandemic (section)

=== Diseases with pandemic potential ===
{{Further|Emerging infectious disease}}There is always a possibility that a disease which has caused epidemics in the past may return in the future.<ref name=":03"/> It is also possible that little known diseases may become more virulent; in order to encourage research, a number of organisations which monitor global health have drawn up lists of diseases which may have pandemic potential; see table below.{{Efn|As of June 2023, the WHO is reviewing its list}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of potential pandemic diseases according to global health organisations
!
![[World Health Organization|WHO]]<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts (Published 2018, revision in progress 2023) |url=https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref>
![[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]]<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Targeting diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential |url=https://cepi.net/research_dev/priority-diseases/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=CEPI, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations }}</ref>
![[GAVI]]<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=10 infectious diseases that could be the next pandemic {{!}} Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/10-infectious-diseases-could-be-next-pandemic |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chikungunya]]
|
|Yes
|
|-
|[[COVID-19]]
|Yes
|
|
|-
|[[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever]]
|Yes
|
|Yes
|-
|[[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Lassa fever]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Marburg virus disease]]
|Yes
|
|Yes
|-
|[[Mpox]]
|
|
|Yes
|-
|[[MERS|Middle East respiratory syndrome]] coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
|Yes
|
|Yes
|-
|[[Nipah virus infection|Nipah]] and other [[Henipavirus|henipaviral]] diseases
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Rift Valley fever]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[SARS|Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]] (SARS)
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Zika fever|Zika]]
|Yes
|
|Yes
|-
|[[Disease X]]{{Efn|Disease X represents the knowledge that a serious international epidemic could be caused by a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease.}}
|Yes
|Yes
|
|}

==== Coronaviruses ====
{{Further|2002–2004 SARS outbreak|COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:Coronavirus virion.jpg|thumb|A generic coronavirus illustration]]
[[Coronavirus]] diseases are a family of usually mild illnesses in humans, including those such as the [[common cold]], that have resulted in outbreaks and pandemics such as the [[1889–1890 pandemic|1889-1890 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berche P | title = The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: A coronavirus? | journal = Presse Médicale | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 104111 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35124103 | pmc = 8813723 | doi = 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104111 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-14 |title=An Undiscovered Coronavirus? The Mystery of the 'Russian Flu' (Published 2022) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/health/russian-flu-coronavirus.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |last1=Kolata |first1=Gina }}</ref> the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]], ''[[Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus]]'' and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. There is widespread concern that members of the coronavirus family, particularly [[SARS]] and MERS have the potential to cause future pandemics.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Heymann D, Ross E, Wallace J |date=23 February 2022 |title=The next pandemic – when could it be? |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/02/next-pandemic-when-could-it-be |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs}}</ref> Many human coronaviruses have zoonotic origins, their with natural reservoir in bats or rodents,<ref name=":82">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M | title = Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–48 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27743750 | pmc = 7111218 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001 | quote = Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2]. }}</ref> leading to concerns for future [[Spillover infection|spillover]] events.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holmes EC | title = COVID-19-lessons for zoonotic disease | journal = Science | volume = 375 | issue = 6585 | pages = 1114–1115 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35271309 | doi = 10.1126/science.abn2222 | bibcode = 2022Sci...375.1114H | s2cid = 247384213 }}</ref>

Following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic Public Health Emergency of International Concern deceleration by WHO, WHO Director General [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus|Tedros Ghebreyesus]] stated he would not hesitate to re-declare COVID-19 a PHEIC should the global situation worsen in the coming months or years.

==== Influenza ====
{{Main|Influenza pandemic}}[[File:Barack Obama being briefed on swine flu oubreak 4-29.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] is briefed in the Situation Room about the [[2009 swine flu pandemic|2009 flu pandemic]], which killed as many as 17,000 Americans.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 February 2010 |title=Swine flu has killed up to 17,000 in U.S.: report |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-flu-usa/swine-flu-has-killed-up-to-17000-in-u-s-report-idUSN1223579720100212}}</ref>]][[Influenza]] was first described by the Greek physician [[Hippocrates]] in 412{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 Years of Influenza Surveillance |url=http://who.int/inf-pr-1999/en/pr99-11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501165850/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1999/en/pr99-11.html |archive-date=1 May 2009 |work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Since the Middle Ages, influenza pandemics have been recorded every 10 to 30 years as the virus mutates to evade immunity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Potter CW |date=October 2001 |title=A history of influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x |pmid=11576290 |s2cid=26392163 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=How Flu Viruses Can Change |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>

Influenza is an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic disease]], with a fairly constant number of cases which vary seasonally and can, to a certain extent, be predicted.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Key Facts About Influenza (Flu) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> In a typical year, 5–15% of the population contracts influenza. There are 3–5 million severe cases annually, with up to 650,000 respiratory-related deaths globally each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza (Seasonal) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref> The [[1889–1890 pandemic]] is estimated to have caused around a million fatalities,<ref name="Shally-Jensen_2010">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues |date=2010 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-31339205-4 | veditors = Shally-Jensen M |volume=2 |page=1510 |chapter=Influenza |quote=The Asiatic flu killed roughly one million individuals |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjKWfAz0tx4C&pg=PA1510}}</ref> and the "[[Spanish flu]]" of 1918–1920 eventually infected about one-third of the [[world's population]] and caused an estimated 50{{nbsp}}million fatalities.<ref name="Taubenberger" />

The [[Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System]] is a global network of laboratories that has for purpose to monitor the spread of [[influenza]] with the aim to provide WHO with influenza control information.<ref name="Fange">{{cite book | vauthors = Lee K, Fang J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zCEmpopjG0C&dq=%22WHO%22+%22GISRS+is+a%22&pg=PA163 |title=Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization |year=2013 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780810878587}}</ref> More than two million respiratory specimens are tested by GISRS annually to monitor the spread and evolution of influenza viruses through a network of about 150 laboratories in 114 countries representing 91% of the world's population.<ref name="Leveraging">{{cite journal | vauthors = Broor S, Campbell H, Hirve S, Hague S, Jackson S, Moen A, Nair H, Palekar R, Rajatonirina S, Smith PG, Venter M, Wairagkar N, Zambon M, Ziegler T, Zhang W | display-authors = 6 | title = Leveraging the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System for global respiratory syncytial virus surveillance-opportunities and challenges | journal = Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 622–629 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 31444997 | pmc = 7578328 | doi = 10.1111/irv.12672 | doi-access = free }}{{CC-notice|by4|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/irv.12672}}</ref>