Editing Paint (section)

==Application==
Paint can be applied as a solid, a gas, a gaseous suspension ([[aerosol]]) or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired.

As a '''solid''' (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the object being painted). This is called "[[powder coating]]" an object.

In a '''gas phase''' application, the coating composition is introduced (if gaseous), vaporized (if liquid) or sublimed (if solid) then deposited on a distant substrate, often under vacuum. These applications are classed broadly into physical vapor deposition methods like sputtering or vacuum deposition, in which solid or liquid starting materials produce a vapor that condenses on the substrate; or chemical vapor deposition methods, in which gaseous starting materials chemically react with the substrate to form a coating. These techniques are especially important in the electronics and optical industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemdeposition.com/blog/pvd-vs-cvd.html#:~:text=The%20key%20contrast%20between%20PVD,create%20a%20solid%20thin%20film.|title= PVD vs CVD: Differences in Thin Film Deposition Techniques|access-date=April 26, 2024}}</ref>

As a '''gaseous suspension''', liquid paint is aerosolized by the force of compressed air or by the action of high-pressure compression of the paint itself, and the paint is turned into small droplets that travel to the article to be painted. Alternate methods are airless spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, and any of these with an electrostatic spray included. There are numerous electrostatic methods available. The reasons for doing this include:
* The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the object being painted;
* The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;
* It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;
*Painting multiple items at once quickly and efficiently;
* A chemical (typically a [[solvent]]) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted;
* Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint [[molecules]].
* Expression{{clarify|date=March 2024}}

In a '''liquid''' application, paint can be applied by direct application using [[brush]]es, [[paint rollers]], [[Palette knife|blades]], scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.

Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles to be attached, allowing painting at different heights. Generally, roller application requires two coats for an even color. A roller with a thicker [[nap (textile)|nap]] is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an angled brush.

*For a flat (matte) finish, a 1/2" nap roller would most likely be used
*For an eggshell finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used
*For a satin or pearl finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used
*For a semi-gloss or gloss finish, a 3/16" nap roller would most likely be used<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paint-and-supplies.hardwarestore.com/learning/selecting-the-right-paint-roller.aspx|title=Selecting the Right Paint Roller|access-date=2012-05-06|url-status=dead|publisher=Aubuchon Hardware|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420022954/http://paint-and-supplies.hardwarestore.com/learning/selecting-the-right-paint-roller.aspx|archive-date=2012-04-20}}</ref>

{{anchor|Open time}}After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional painted regions (at the "wet edge") called "open time". The open time of an oil or alkyd-based emulsion paint can be extended by adding [[white spirit]], similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of different wet paint layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable for water-based coatings. Depending on the quality and type of liquid paint used, the open time will vary. Oil paints for instance are renowned for their open time as oil paints allow for artists to blend the colors for extended periods of time without having to add any extending agents.

Dipping used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but this has been replaced by high-speed air turbine-driven bells with electrostatic spray. Car bodies are primed using cathodic elephoretic primer, which is applied by charging the body depositing a layer of primer. The unchanged residue is rinsed off and the primer stoved.

Many paints tend to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom, and require mixing before use. Some paint outlets have machines for mixing the paint by shaking the can vigorously for a few minutes.

The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a [[drawdown card]].

Water-based paints tend to be the easiest to clean up after use; the brushes and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water.

Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be usable for a primer coat or an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to make a larger amount of a uniform color.

To dispose of paint it can be dried and disposed of in the domestic waste stream, provided that it contains no prohibited substances (see container). Disposal of liquid paint usually requires special handling and should be treated as [[hazardous waste]], and disposed of according to local regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/wasteman/wm6001.htm |title="Safe Use, Storage and Disposal of Paint" |access-date=2006-11-01 |archive-date=2007-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224142320/http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/wasteman/wm6001.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/facts/hhwpaint.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118110649/http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/facts/hhwpaint.html|url-status=dead|title="Storage and Disposal of Paint Facts"|archive-date=November 18, 2007}}</ref>