Editing P. G. T. Beauregard (section)

==Post-bellum career==
===Later life===
[[File:Pierre Beauregard.pageantofamerica Colorized.jpg|left|thumb|Beauregard, later in life]]

After the war, Beauregard was reluctant to seek amnesty as a former Confederate officer by publicly swearing an oath of loyalty, but both Lee and Johnston counseled him to do so, which he did before the mayor of New Orleans on September 16, 1865. He was one of many Confederate officers issued a mass pardon by President [[Andrew Johnson]] on July 4, 1868. His final privilege as an American citizen, the right to run for public office, was restored when he petitioned the Congress for relief and the bill on his behalf was signed by President Grant on July 24, 1876.<ref>Williams, pp. 257–261.</ref>

Beauregard pursued a position in the [[Brazilian Army]] in 1865, but declined the Brazilians' offer. He claimed that the positive attitude of President Johnson toward the South swayed his decision. "I prefer to live here, poor and forgotten, than to be endowed with honor and riches in a foreign country." He also declined offers to take command of the armies of [[United Principalities|Romania]] and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>Williams, pp. 262–265.</ref>

Beauregard worked to end the harsh penalties levied on Louisiana by [[Radical Republicans]] during [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]]. His outrage over the perceived excesses of Reconstruction, such as heavy property taxation, was a principal source for his indecision about remaining in the United States and his flirtation with foreign armies, which lasted until 1875. He was active in the Reform Party, an association of conservative New Orleans businessmen, which spoke in favor of black [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] and voting, and attempted to form alliances between black and white Louisianians to vote out the Radical Republicans in control of the state legislature.<ref>Hattaway & Taylor, p. 26; Williams, pp. 266–272.</ref>

Beauregard's first employment following the war was in October 1865 as chief engineer and general superintendent of the [[New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern]] Railroad. In 1866 he was promoted to president, a position he retained until 1870, when he was ousted in a hostile takeover. This job overlapped with that of president of the [[New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad|New Orleans and Carrollton Street Railway]] (1866–1876), where he invented a system of cable-powered street railway cars. Once again, Beauregard made a financial success of the company, but was fired by stockholders who wished to take direct management of the company.<ref>Hattaway & Taylor, p. 27; Williams, pp. 273–286.</ref>

[[File:CanalBarrone1906Tramscard.jpg|thumb|left|Beauregard revolutionized [[New Orleans]] with his [[Cable car (railway)|cable cars]]]]

In 1869, he demonstrated a [[Cable car (railway)|cable car]]<ref name="St. Charles Streetcar">{{Cite book |title=St. Charles Streetcar, The: Or, the New Orleans & Carrollton Railroad |first=James|last=Guilbeau |date =2011 |publisher =Pelican Publishing Company |isbn=978-1879714021 |pages =48–49 }}</ref><ref name="The Streetcars of New Orleans">{{Cite book |title=The Streetcars of New Orleans |author=Louis C. Hennick |author2=Elbridge Harper Charlton |date = 1965 |publisher =Pelican Publishing |isbn=978-1455612598 |page =16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/getmedia/40ef6e7c-697d-4f77-8daa-059a37f698b3/101-St-Charles-Avenue-Streetcar-Line-1835.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072405/https://www.asme.org/getmedia/40ef6e7c-697d-4f77-8daa-059a37f698b3/101-St-Charles-Avenue-Streetcar-Line-1835.aspx|url-status=dead |title=St. Charles Avenue Streetcar Line, 1835|archivedate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> and was issued {{US patent|97343}}.

After the loss of these two railway executive positions, Beauregard spent time briefly at a variety of companies and civil engineering pursuits, but his personal wealth became assured when he was recruited as a supervisor of the [[Louisiana State Lottery Company]] in 1877. He and former Confederate general Jubal Early presided over lottery drawings and made numerous public appearances, lending the effort some respectability. For 15 years the two generals served in these positions, but the public became opposed to government-sponsored gambling and the lottery was closed down by the legislature.<ref>Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 27–28; Williams, pp. 291–303.</ref>

Beauregard's military writings include ''Principles and Maxims of the Art of War'' (1863), ''Report on the Defense of Charleston'', and ''A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas'' (1891). He was the uncredited co-author of his friend Alfred Roman's ''The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War Between the States'' (1884). He contributed the article "The Battle of Bull Run" to ''Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine'' in November 1884. During these years, Beauregard and Davis published a series of bitter accusations and counter-accusations retrospectively blaming each other for the Confederate defeat.<ref>Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29; Williams, pp. 304–318.</ref>

Beauregard served as [[adjutant general]] for the Louisiana state militia, 1879–88. During the late nineteenth century the [[Knights of Labor]], an organization for labor advocacy and militancy, organized sugar worker wage strikes. Democratic newspapers began circulating false reports of black-on-white violence from the Knights of Labor, and several states called out militias to break the strikes. In 1887,  Democratic Governor [[John McEnery (politician)|John McEnery]] called for the assistance of ten infantry companies and an artillery company of the state militia.<ref name="JKH"/>{{rp|190}} They were to protect black strikebreakers and suppress the wage strikers. A part of the militia arrived to suppress wage strikers in [[St. Mary Parish, Louisiana|St. Mary Parish]], resulting in the [[Thibodaux Massacre]]; the Attakapas Rangers led by Captain C. T. Cade joined a sheriff's posse facing down a group of sugar strikers. When one of the wage strikers reached into a pocket, posse members opened fire into the crowd, "as many as twenty people" killed or wounded on November 5 in the black village of Pattersonville.<ref name="JKH"/>{{rp|191}}<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thibodaux-massacre-left-60-african-americans-dead-and-spelled-end-unionized-farm-labor-south-decades-180967289/|title=The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades|first=Smithsonian|last=Magazine|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref name="JKH">{{cite book|first=James Keith|last=Hogue|title=Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of ...|year=2006}}</ref>

Ultimately, the militia protected some 800 strikebreakers in Terrebone Parish, and captured and arrested 50 wage strikers, mostly for union activities. The Knights of Labor strike collapsed there, and sugar workers returned to the plantations.<ref name="JKH"/>{{rp|191}}<ref name="smithsonianmag.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvn5tw84.9|jstor=j.ctvn5tw84.9|chapter=Suppression of the Black Knights|year=1978|title=The Black Worker, Volume 3|pages=135–240|publisher=Temple University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tw84.9|s2cid=243248189}}</ref>

In 1888, he was elected as commissioner of [[public works]] in New Orleans. When [[John Bell Hood]] and his wife died in 1879, leaving ten destitute orphans, Beauregard used his influence to get Hood's memoirs published, with all proceeds going to the children. He was appointed by the governor of Virginia to be the grand marshal of the festivities associated with the laying of the cornerstone of Robert E. Lee's statue in Richmond. But when [[Jefferson Davis]] died in 1889, Beauregard refused the honor of heading the funeral procession, saying "We have always been enemies. I cannot pretend I am sorry he is gone. I am no hypocrite."<ref>Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29.</ref>

Beauregard died in his sleep in New Orleans. The cause of death was recorded as "heart disease, aortic insufficiency, and probably [[myocarditis]]."<ref>Jack D. Welsh, ''Medical Histories of Confederate Generals'' (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), p. 19; {{ISBN|978-0-87338-853-5}}.</ref> [[Edmund Kirby Smith]], the last surviving full general of the Confederacy, served as the "chief mourner" as Beauregard was interred in the vault of the Army of Tennessee in historic [[Metairie Cemetery]].<ref>Williams, p. 328; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 29; Eicher, p. 124; Gallagher, p. 90.</ref>