Editing Occitan language (section)

== Grammar == 
The following section describes the grammar of the [[Languedocien dialect|Languedocian dialect]] which is central geographically and most conservative among Occitan dialects.<ref name = Languedoc /> For that reason it serves as a basis for standardization of Occitan.<ref name = Standard/> 

===Pronouns===
Personal [[pronouns]] are shown in the following table.<ref name = Easy:Grammar>{{Cite web|title = Easy Occitan: Grammar| url = https://easy-occitan.github.io/occitan3.html#grammar}} </ref> 
{|class="wikitable"
! 
! scope = "col"|Singular
! scope ="col" |Plural
|-
| '''1st per.'''
| ''Ieu''
| ''Nosautres / nosautras / nos''
|- 
| '''2nd per.'''
| ''Tu''
| ''Vosautres / vosautras / vos''
|- 
| '''3rd per.'''
| ''El (=he)/ela (= she)'' 
| ''Eles (masculine), elas (feminine)''
|}

===Possessives===
[[Possessive|Possessives]] are shown in the following table.<ref name = Easy:Grammar /> 
{|class="wikitable"
! scope = "col"|
! scope = "col" colspan="2"| Possessed thing is singular...
! scope = "col" colspan ="2"|Possessed thing is plural...
|-
! scope = "row" | Possessor
! scope = "col" | and masculine
! scope = "col" | and feminine
! scope = "col" | and masculine
! scope = "col" | and feminine
|-
! scope = "row" |I
| ''Mon''
| ''Ma''
| ''Mos''
| ''Mas''
|-
! You (sin.)
| ''Ton'' 
| ''Ta'' 
| ''Tos''
| ''Tas''
|-
!He/ she/ it
| ''Son''
| ''Sa''
| ''Sos'' 
| ''Sas''
|-
! We
| ''Nòstre''
| ''Nòstra''
| ''Nòstres''
| ''Nòstras''
|-
! You (pl.)
| ''Vòstre''
| ''Vòstra''
| ''Vòstres''
| ''Vòstras''
|-
! They
| colspan = "2" | ''Lor''
| colspan = "2" | ''Lors''
|}

===Demonstratives===
[[Demonstratives]] (''this'', ''that'', ''these'', ''those'') are shown in the following table.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/> 
{|class="wikitable"
!
! Singular 
! Plural 
|-
| '''Masculine''' 
| ''Aiceste/ Aqueste/ Aquel''
| ''Aicestes/ Aquestes/ Aqueles''
|-
| '''Feminine''' 
| ''Aicesta/ Aquesta/ Aquela''
| ''Aicestas/ Aquestas/ Aquelas''
|-
| '''Neuter''' 
| ''Aquò''
| ''Aquò''
|}

===Nouns===
There are 2 genders: masculine, and feminine. Feminine nouns are usually created by adding termination ''-a''.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/> Plural is created by adding ''-s'' to nouns.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/>

===Articles===
There are two indefinite articles in singular (a/an): masculine ''un'' and feminine ''una'' and one in plural: ''de''.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/> ''de'' before vowels is shortend to ''d'''.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/> It's summarized in the following table. 
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan = 3| Indefinite articles 
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine'''
| ''un'' 
| ''de'', ''d'''
|-
| '''Feminine''' 
| ''una''
| ''de'', ''d'''
|}

Definite articles (the) are shown in the following table.<ref name = Easy:Grammar />  
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan = 3| Definite articles 
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine'''
| ''lo, l''' 
| ''los''
|-
| '''Feminine''' 
| ''la, l'''
| ''las''
|}
''l''' is used before a vowel.<ref name = Easy:Grammar/> 

[[Preposition]]s ''a'', ''de'', ''per'' and ''sus'' followed by articles ''lo'' and ''los'' are merged with them according to the following table.<ref name = Easy:Grammar /> 
{|class="wikitable"
!
! lo
! los
|-
| '''a''' 
| ''al''
| ''als''
|-
| '''de''' 
| ''del''
| ''dels''
|-
| '''per''' 
| ''pel''
| ''pels''
|-
| '''sus'''
| ''sul''
| ''suls''
|}

For instance 
''a+los = als.''

===Verbs===
{{further|Occitan conjugation}}
Verbs inflect for person, number, tense and [[Grammatical mood|mood]]. There are 3 [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugations]]: ''-ar'', ''-ir'' and -''re''.<ref name = Easy:Verbs> {{Cite web|title = Easy Occitan: Verbs|url = https://easy-occitan.github.io/occitan2.html}}</ref> Verbs ending with ''-ir'' have two subconjugations: with and without a suffix.<ref name = Easy:Verbs /> 

Pattern of inflection of regular verbs belonging to the first conjugation is presented in the following table.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/> 

''Parlar'' (= ''to speak''), ''parlat'' (= ''spoken''), ''parlant'' (= ''speaking''). 
{|class = "wikitable"
! 
! Present
! Imperfect 
! Preterit 
! Subjunctive Present 
! Subjunctive Past 
! Future 
! Conditional 
! Imperative
|-
| Ieu
|Parli 	
|Parlavi 	
|Parlèri 	
|Parle 	
|Parlèsse
|Parlarai
|Parlariái
|
|-
| Tu
|Parlas
|Parlavas
|Parlères
|Parles
|Parlèsses
|Parlaràs
|Parlariás
|Parla
|-
| El/ela
|Parla
|Parlava
|Parlèt
|Parle
|Parlèsse
|Parlarà
|Parlariá
|
|-
| Nos 
|Parlam
|Parlàvem
|Parlèrem
|Parlem
|Parlèssem
|Parlarem
|Parlariam
|Parlem
|-
| Vos 
|Parlatz
|Parlàvetz
|Parlèretz
|Parletz
|Parlèssetz
|Parlaretz
|Parlariatz
|Parlatz
|-
| Eles/elas
|Parlan
|Parlavan
|Parlèron
|Parlen
|Parlèsson
|Parlaràn
|Parlarián
| 	
|}

Conjugation ''-ir'' with the suffix is shown below.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/>

''Dormir'' (= ''to sleep''), ''dormit'' (= ''slept''), ''dormint'' (= ''sleeping''). 
{| class = "wikitable"
! 
!Present
!Imperfect
!Preterite
!Subjunctive present 
!Subjunctive past
! Future 
! Conditional 
! Imperative
|-
|Ieu 
|Dormissi
|Dormissiái
|Dormiguèri
|Dormisca
|Dormiguèsse
| Dormirai
| Dormiriái
|
|-
|Tu
|Dormisses
|Dormissiás
|Dormiguères
|Dormiscas
|Dormiguèsses
|Dormiràs
|Dormiriás
|Dormís
|-
| El/ela
|Dormís 
|Dormissiá
|Dormiguèt
|Dormisca 
|Dormiguèsse
|Dormirà
|Dormiriá
|
|-
|Nos
|Dormissèm
|Dormissiam
|Dormiguèrem
|Dormiscam
|Dormiguèssem
|Dormirem
|Dormiriam
|Dormiscam
|-
|Vos
|Dormissètz
|Dormissiatz
|Dormiguèretz
|Dormiscatz
|Dormiguèssetz
|Dormiretz
|Dormiriatz
|Dormissètz
|-
|Eles/elas
|Dormisson
|Dormissián
|Dormiguèron
|Dormiscan
|Dormiguèsson
|Dormiràn
|Dormirián 
|}

Second conjugation without the suffix is shown below.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/> 

''Sentir'' (= ''to feel''), ''sentit'' (= ''felt''), ''sentent'' (= ''feeling''). 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Present
!Imperfect
!Preterit
!Subjunctive present
!Subjunctive past
!Future
!Conditionnal
!Imperative
|-
|Ieu
|Senti 	
|Sentiái
|Sentiguèri
|Senta
|Sentiguèsse
|Sentirai
|Sentiriái
|
|-
|Tu
|Sentes
|Sentiás
|Sentiguères
|Sentas
|Sentiguèsses
|Sentiràs
|Sentiriás
|Sent
|-
|El/ ela
|Sent
|Sentiá
|Sentiguèt
|Senta
|Sentiguèsse
|Sentirà
|Sentiriá
|
|-
|Nos
|Sentèm
|Sentiam
|Sentiguèrem
|Sentam 
|Sentiguèssem
|Sentirem
|Sentiriam
|Sentiam
|-
|Vos
|Sentètz
|Sentiatz
|Sentiguèretz
|Sentatz
|Sentiguèssetz
|Sentiretz
|Sentiriatz
|Sentètz
|-
|Eles/ elas
|Senton
|Sentián
|Sentiguèron
|Sentan
|Sentiguèsson
|Sentiràn
|Sentirián
| 
|}

The third conjugation is shown below.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/> 

''Batre'' (= ''to beat''), ''batut'' (= ''beaten''), ''beatent'' (= ''beating'')
{| class = "wikitable"
!
!Present
!Imperfect
!Preterit
!Subjunctive present
!Subjunctive past
!Future
!Conditionnal
!Imperative
|-
|Ieu
|Bati
|Batiái
|Batèri
|Bata
|Batèsse
|Batrai
|Batriái
|
|-
|Tu
|Bates
|Batiás
|Batères
|Batas
|Batèsses
|Batràs
|Batriás
|Bat
|-
|El/ela
|Bat
|Batiá
|Batèt
|Bata
|Batèsse
|Batrà
|Batriá
|
|-
|Nos
|Batèm
|Batiam
|Batèrem
|Batam
|Batèssem
|Batrem
|Batriam
|Batiam
|-
|Vos
|Batètz
|Batiatz
|Batèretz
|Batatz
|Batèssetz
|Batretz
|Batriatz
|Batètz
|-
|Eles/elas
|Baton
|Batián
|Batèron
|Batan
|Batèsson
|Batràn
|Batrián
| 
|}

===Irregular verbs ===
Two very important irregular verbs are ''èsser/èstre'' (= ''to be'') and ''aver'' (= ''to have''). 

Conjugation of ''èsser/èstre'' is shown below.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/>

''estat'' (= ''been''), ''essent'' (= ''being'')
{| class = "wikitable"
!
!Present
!Imperfect
!Preterit
!Subjunctive present
!Subjunctive past
!Future
!Conditionnal
!Imperative
|-
|Ieu
|Soi 	
|Èri 	
|Foguèri
|Siá 	
|Foguèsse
|Serai
|Seriái
|
|-
|Tu
|Ès/Sès
|Èras
|Foguères
|Siás
|Foguèsses
|Seràs
|Seriás
|Siá
|-
|El/ela
|Es
|Èra
|Foguèt
|Siá
|Foguèsse
|Serà
|Seriá
|
|-
|Nos
|Sèm
|Èrem
|Foguèrem
|Siam
|Foguèssem
|Serem
|Seriam
|Siam
|-
|Vos
|Sètz
|Èretz
|Foguèretz
|Siatz
|Foguèssetz
|Seretz
|Seriatz
|Siatz
|-
|Eles/elas
|Son
|Èran
|Foguèron
|Sián
|Foguèsson
|Seràn
|Serián
| 
|}

Conjugation of ''aver'' is shown below.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/> 

''agut'' (= ''had''), ''avent'' (= ''having'')
{| class = "wikitable"
!
!Present
!Imperfect
!Preterit
!Subjunctive present
!Subjunctive past
!Future
!Conditionnal
!Imperative
|-
|Ieu
|Ai
|Aviái
|Aguèri
|Aja
|Aguèsse
|Aurai
|Auriái
|
|-
|Tu
|As
|Aviás
|Aguères
|Ajas
|Aguèsses
|Auràs
|Auriás
|Aja
|-
|El/ela
|A
|Aviá
|Aguèt
|Aja
|Aguèsse
|Aura
|Auriá
|
|-
|Nos
|Avem
|Aviam
|Aguèrem
|Ajam
|Aguèssem
|Aurem
|Auriam
|Ajam
|-
|Vos
|Avètz
|Aviatz
|Aguèretz
|Ajatz
|Aguèssetz
|Auretz
|Auriatz
|Ajatz
|-
|Eles/elas
|An
|Avián
|Aguèron
|Ajan
|Aguèsson
|Auràn
|Aurián
|	
|}

===Reflexive verbs===
Reflexive verbs are verbs which require [[reflexive pronoun]] ''se''. Pronoun ''se'' inflects for person and number. An example is ''se levar'' (= ''to get up''). It's inflacted according to the following table.<ref name = Easy:Verbs/> 

{| class = "wikitable"
!
!Present 
!Imperative
|-
|Ieu
|Me lèvi
|
|-
|Tu
|Te lèvas
|lèva-te
|-
|El/elas
|Se lèva
|
|-
|Nos 
|Nos levam
|levem-nos
|-
|Vos
|Vos levatz
|levatz-vos
|-
|Eles/elas
|Se lèvan
|tenon
|}

===Negation===
Negation is done by adding ''pas'' after a verb.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Easy Pccitan|url = https://easy-occitan.github.io/occitan2.html|quote = Basic negation is "pas", which follows the verb. Its translation is "not" ("yes" is said "òc" and "no" is said "non"). }}</ref> For example:
* ''Parli pas'' (= ''I don't speak'').
* ''An pas parlat'' (= ''They haven't spoken'').
* ''Vesi pas res'' (= ''I don't see anything'').
* ''Lo tròbi pas enluòc'' (= ''I don't find him anywhere'').
* ''Sortís pas jamai'' (= ''He never goes out'').
* ''Degun es pas vengut'' (= ''Nobody came'').