Editing Oak (section)

== Toxicity ==

The leaves and acorns of oaks are poisonous to [[livestock]], including [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s, if eaten in large amounts, due to the toxin [[tannic acid]], which causes kidney damage and [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dun |first=Kath |title=Oak poisoning in cattle |journal=UK Vet Livestock |volume=11 |issue=5 |year=2006 |pages=47–50 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00047.x }}</ref><ref name="Smith Naylor Knowles Mair 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=S. |last2=Naylor |first2=R. J. |last3=Knowles |first3=E. J. |last4=Mair |first4=T. S. |last5=Cahalan |first5=S. D. |last6=Fews |first6=D. |last7=Dunkel |first7=B. |title=Suspected acorn toxicity in nine horses |journal=Equine Veterinary Journal |publisher=Wiley |volume=47 |issue=5 |date=7 October 2014 |doi=10.1111/evj.12306 |pages=568–572|pmid=24917312 |url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9469/ }}</ref> An exception is the [[domestic pig]], which, under the right conditions, may be fed entirely on acorns,<ref>Cappai, Maria Grazia, et al. "Pigs use endogenous proline to cope with acorn (''Quercus pubescens'' Willd.) combined diets high in hydrolysable tannins." Livestock Science 155.2-3 (2013): 316–322.</ref> and has traditionally been pastured in oak woodlands (such as the Spanish ''[[dehesa (pastoral management)|dehesa]]''<ref>Joffre, R; Rambal, S.; Ratte, J.P. (1999). "The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic," ''[[Journal of Agroforestry]]'' 45(1-3): 57-79.</ref> and the English system of [[pannage]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kreiner |first=Jamie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv177tk45 |title=Legions of Pigs in the Early Medieval West |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-3002-4629-2 |location=New Haven |pages=108–119 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv177tk45 |jstor=j.ctv177tk45 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Humans can eat acorns after [[leaching (chemistry)|leaching]] out the tannins in water.<ref>{{citation |last=Bainbridge |first=D. A. |title=Use of acorns for food in California: past, present and future |date=12–14 November 1986 |url=http://www.ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027113825/http://ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc |location=San Luis Obispo, CA. |publisher=Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwoods |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>