Editing North Cascades National Park (section)

=== Fauna ===
[[File:Dendragapus fuliginosus 25865.JPG|thumb|Sooty grouse seen on the Thornton Lakes trail|alt=A neutral gray bird on the ground viewed through foliage.]]
This park has a diversity of animal species including 75 mammal species. A total of 18 species of [[carnivores]] including [[coyote]], [[bobcat]], [[Canada lynx|lynx]], [[North American cougar|cougar]], [[American mink|mink]], [[North American river otter|river otter]] and [[American black bear|black bear]] have been reported within this park.<ref name=mammalscheck>{{cite web|title=Species Checklist for North Cascades National Park (NOCA)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/NPSpecies/Reports/SpeciesList/Species%20Checklist/NOCA/1/false|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> Several species of [[deer]] such as the [[elk]] and [[moose]], several more species of [[Bovidae|bovids]] including the [[mountain goat]] and [[bighorn sheep]], and more than two dozen species of [[rodent]]s like the [[beaver]], [[hoary marmot]] and [[American pika|pika]] are also present.<ref name=mammalscheck/><ref name="mammals">{{cite web|title=Mammals|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/mammals.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> Ten species of bats have been documented.<ref name=mammalscheck/> The [[Northwestern wolf|grey wolf]] is listed as an [[endangered species]], while the [[grizzly bear]] is listed as [[threatened species|threatened]].<ref name="endangered">{{cite web|title=Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Species Within the North Cascades Ecosystem|url=http://www.npshistory.com/publications/noca/threatened-endangered-species/treas4.htm#12|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> North Cascade National Park has management plans in place to return grizzly bears to the park but not wolves, as the latter is seen as likely to reestablish themselves naturally over time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wolf Status and Future|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/wolf-status-and-future.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref>

The park is a prime habitat for grizzly bear, but the species was extirpated from the region by 1860.<ref name=grizz>{{cite web|title=Grizzly Bears|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/grizzly-bears.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wolverines and Climate Change|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/blogs/wolverines-and-climate-change.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref> Only two grizzly bear sightings occurred in the decade before 2015, and these were outside the park boundary in Canada.<ref name=grizz/> In 1991, a decision was reached by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, a US Government land management agency committee, to make efforts to restore self-sustaining populations of grizzlies in the North Cascades region, which included the national park and surrounding national forests. In 1997, the North Cascades region was added to the National Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan; by 2017, the [[environmental impact statement]] for grizzly bear restoration was still in the public comment stage. Various action plans had been proposed to reestablish a self-sustaining population of 200 grizzlies in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/getinvolved/frequently-asked-questions-north-cascades-ecosystem-grizzly-bear-restoration-plan.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 15, 2018|date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Mountain Goat North Cascades National Park.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mountain goats have hooves that are well adapted to steep snow-covered slopes and cliffs|alt=An all-white goat looks at the camera. It has pale yellow irises and stands on snowy ground.]]
[[Wolverine]]s are one of the rarest and most elusive mammals in North America.<ref name=wolverinestudy>{{cite web|title=Wolverines|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/upload/Wolverine-Resource-Brief-2012.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> They are seldom sighted in the park, both due to the limited numbers of the species and the habitats they prefer, which are snowy high-altitude regions far removed from human encroachment. Approximately nine wolverines were captured in the national forest east of the park and fitted with transmitters that were tracked by [[Argos system|Argos satellite]] telemetry. Four of the wolverines frequented the southern sections of North Cascades National Park, and of those, two spent the majority of their time there; researchers were unable to determine if these study animals had reproduced in the park.<ref name=wolverinestudy/> A warming climate may impact any wolverine recovery efforts implemented due to the loss of snow cover this species needs to reproduce. Research indicates that wolverines den in deep snow at least {{convert|5|ft|abbr=on}} deep that lasts well into May, and as climate warms, these regions are becoming less common, especially in the lower 48 states.<ref name="brief"/>

More than 200 species of birds that pass through or use the park as a breeding ground have been recorded.<ref name=birds>{{cite web|title=Birds|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/birds.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> These bird species include both [[golden eagle|golden]] and [[bald eagle]] as well as [[northern spotted owl]], [[harlequin duck]], [[Clark's nutcracker]], [[trumpeter swan]] and seasonal appearances of [[western tanager]], [[Cassin's vireo]], [[pine grosbeak]], woodpeckers such as the [[pileated woodpecker]] and primarily ground-dwelling birds such as the [[sooty grouse]].<ref name=birds/><ref name="birdcheck">{{cite web|title=Species Checklist for North Cascades National Park (NOCA)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/NPSpecies/Reports/SpeciesList/Species%20Checklist/NOCA/2/false|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> The [[peregrine falcon]] is the only species found in the park that is federally designated as an endangered species, while the [[marbled murrelet]] and northern spotted owl are listed as threatened.<ref name="endangered"/>

There are at least 28 species of fish documented, including all five species of Pacific salmon: [[pink salmon|pink]], [[chinook salmon|chinook]] (king), [[sockeye salmon|sockeye]], [[coho salmon|coho]] and [[chum salmon|chum]].<ref name="fish">{{cite web|title=Fish|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/fish.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> Various trout species including [[rainbow trout|rainbow]], [[lake trout|lake]] and [[brook trout]] can be found as can the [[largemouth bass]] and [[longnose dace]].<ref name="fishcheck">{{cite web|title=Species Checklist for North Cascades National Park (NOCA)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/NPSpecies/Reports/SpeciesList/Species%20Checklist/NOCA/3/false|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

Seven species of reptiles and about a dozen species of amphibians have been documented. Reptiles such as the [[northern alligator lizard]] and the [[common garter snake]] and amphibians such as the [[western toad]], [[Pacific giant salamander]] and [[rough-skinned newt]] reside in the park.<ref name=Holmes>{{cite web|first1=Ashley K.|last1=Rawhouser|first2=Ronald E.|last2=Holmes|first3=Reed S.|last3=Glesne|year=2009|url=http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/nccn/reports/inventory/NCCN_NOCA_Stream_Amphibian_Inventory_2005_20090215.pdf|title=A Survey of Stream Amphibian Species Composition and Distribution in the North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington State|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016094713/http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/nccn/reports/inventory/NCCN_NOCA_Stream_Amphibian_Inventory_2005_20090215.pdf|archive-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="reptiles">{{cite web|title=Species Checklist for North Cascades National Park (NOCA)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/NPSpecies/Reports/SpeciesList/Species%20Checklist/NOCA/4/false|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="amphibians">{{cite web|title=Amphibians|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/amphibians.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

More than 500 species of insects have been recorded, including at least two dozen species of butterflies.<ref name=animals>{{cite web|title=Animals|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/animals.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Cascades National Park Service Complex: Butterflies in the Park|url=https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/upload/NOCA_Butterflies_NPSpecies_Report_20170109_comp.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018|date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> Around 250 species of aquatic invertebrates can be found in the parks waterways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Species Checklist for North Cascades National Park (NOCA)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/NPSpecies/Reports/SpeciesList/Species%20Checklist/NOCA/7,9,6,8/false|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name=animals/>