Editing National Mall (section)

===Later history===
[[File:View of the Mall, District of Columbia, from the Washington Monument (3678166249).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Rows of young American elm trees on the National Mall, looking east from the top of the Washington Monument, circa 1942]]

The planting of [[Ulmus americana|American elm trees (''Ulmus americana'')]] on the National Mall following the McMillan Plan started in the 1930s between 3rd and 14th Streets at the same time that [[Dutch elm disease|Dutch Elm Disease]] (DED) began to appear in the United States. Concern was expressed about the impact that DED could have on these trees.<ref name=elm>{{cite book|last=Sherald|first=James L|url=https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf|title=Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan|id=Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001|place=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, [[National Park Service]]|date=December 2009|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=December 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090516/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:View of Lincoln Memorial from top of Washington Monument, WashingtonDC, USA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|This view from the top of the Washington Monument shows rows of elm trees lining the Reflecting Pool (November 2014).]]
DED first appeared on the Mall during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS has used a number of methods to control this [[fungus|fungal]] epidemic, including [[sanitation]], [[pruning]], injecting trees with [[fungicide]] and replanting with DED-resistant American elm cultivars (see [[Ulmus americana#Cultivars|''Ulmus americana'' cultivars]]). The NPS [[Cloning|clone]]d one such cultivar ([[Ulmus americana 'Jefferson'|'Jefferson']]) from a DED-resistant tree growing near a path on the Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art, near the Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle").<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|last=Flores|first=Alberto|date=June 13, 2006|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2006/060613.htm|title=Jefferson Trees Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease|work=News & Events|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Agricultural Research Service]]|access-date=January 30, 2021|quote=In 2005, the newest American elm—named Jefferson—was released jointly by ARS and the National Park Service (NPS), after collaborative screening tests by Townsend and James L. Sherald, NPS Natural Resource Officer, showed it to have an outstanding level of [[Dutch elm disease]] (DED) tolerance. It was cloned in 1993 from the original tree, a survivor of about 300 elms planted on the National Mall in Southwest Washington in the 1930s.|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126191603/http://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2006/jefferson-trees-resistant-to-dutch-elm-disease/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Bentz|first=S.E.|date=February 2005|url=http://www.elmpost.org/2005-02.htm|title=Mature American elm of variety "Jefferson," at the old Smithsonian building, Washington, DC|format=photograph|publisher=elmpost.org|access-date=January 30, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202204918/http://www.elmpost.org/2005-02.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sherald|first=James L|url=https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf|title=Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan|format=photograph|page=38|id=Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001|place=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, [[National Park Service]]|date=December 2009|access-date=August 4, 2020|quote=Fig. 33. American elm 'Jefferson'. Parent tree on the National Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art on Jefferson Drive, flanked on either side by trees vegetatively propagated from it.|archive-date=December 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090516/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The NPS has combated the disease's local insect [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]], the smaller European elm [[bark beetle]] (''[[Scolytus multistriatus]]''), by trapping and by spraying with [[insecticide]]s. [[Soil compaction]] and root damage by crowds and construction projects also adversely affect the elms.<ref name=elm/>

On October 15, 1966, the NPS listed the National Mall on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planning.dc.gov/planning/frames.asp?doc=%2Fplanning%2Flib%2Fplanning%2Fpreservation%2Finventory%2F2009_alpha_version.pdf |title=The National Mall |work=District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites: Alphabetical Version |publisher=Historic Preservation Office, Office of Planning, Government of the District of Columbia |year=2009 |pages=103–104 |access-date=2010-03-17 |archive-date=November 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104233021/http://planning.dc.gov/planning/frames.asp?doc=%2Fplanning%2Flib%2Fplanning%2Fpreservation%2Finventory%2F2009_alpha_version.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1981, the NPS prepared a National Register nomination form that documented the Mall's boundaries, features and historical significance.<ref name="National Register Nomination Form">{{cite web|last=Pfanz |first=Donald C. |date=1981-02-11 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: National Mall |url={{NRHP url|id=66000031}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223101453/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/66000031.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref>

From the 1970s to 1994, a [[fiberglass]] model of a [[triceratops]] named ''[[Uncle Beazley]]'' stood on the Mall in front of the [[National Museum of Natural History]]. The life-size statue, which is now located at the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]] (the National Zoo) in [[Northwest, Washington, D.C.|Northwest Washington, D.C.]], was donated to the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by the [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]]. The statue, which [[Louis Paul Jonas]] created for Sinclair's DinoLand pavilion at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]], was named after a [[dinosaur]] in [[Oliver Butterworth (writer)|Oliver Butterworth]]'s 1956 children's book, ''The Enormous Egg'', and the 1968 televised movie adaptation in which the statue appeared.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=http://mallhistory.org/items/show/2|title=Uncle Beazley|work=Histories of the National Mall|publisher=Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, [[George Mason University]]|location=Fairfax, Virginia|access-date=2016-07-01|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416065903/http://mallhistory.org/items/show/2|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!9361~!0|title=Uncle Beazley on the Mall|work=Historic Images of the Smithsonian|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|year=1976|access-date=2016-07-02|archive-date=August 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211422/http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!9361~!0#focus|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=James M.|last=Goode|chapter=Chapter 12: Uncle Beazley|title=The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.: A Comprehensive Historical Guide|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1974|page=260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXLqAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780881032338|oclc=2610663|access-date=2016-07-04|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=This 25-foot long replica of a Triceratops ... was placed on the Mall in 1967. ... The full-size Triceratops replica and eight other types of dinosaurs were designed by two prominent paleontologists, Dr. Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, and Dr. John Ostrom of the Peabody Museum, in Peabody, Massachusetts. The sculptor, Louis Paul Jonas, executed these prehistoric animals in fiberglass, after the designs of Barnum and Ostrom, for the Sinclair Refining Company's Pavilion at the New York World's Fair of 1964. After the Fair closed, the nine dinosaurs, which weighed between 2 and 4 tons each, were placed on trucks and taken on a tour of the eastern United States. The Sinclair Refining Company promoted the tour for public relations and advertising purposes, since their trademark was the dinosaur. In 1967, the nine dinosaurs were given to various American museums. This particular replica was used for the filming of ''The Enormous Egg'', a movie made by the [[National Broadcasting Company]] for television, based on a children's book of the same name by Oliver Buttersworth. The movie features an enormous egg, out of which hatches a baby Tricerotops; the boy consults with the Smithsonian Institution which accepts ''Uncle Beasley'' for the National Zoo.|archive-date=June 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612163428/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXLqAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ZooArt/UncleBeazley/|title=A Dinosaur at the Zoo|work=Art at the National Zoo|publisher=Smithsonian National Zoological Park|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2016-07-01|archive-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612081739/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ZooArt/UncleBeazley/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Butterworth |first=Oliver |author-link=Oliver Butterworth (writer) |title=The Enormous Egg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtIa1N0-Z78C |others=Illustrations: Louis Darling |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|year=1956|isbn=0590475460|oclc=299175|access-date=2016-07-04|via=[[Google Books]]|archive-date=June 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612163428/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtIa1N0-Z78C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/enormous-egg|title=About this book|work=The Enormous Egg by Oliver Butterworth, illustrated by Louis Darling|publisher=Scholastic Inc.|year=2016|access-date=2016-07-03|quote=At first Nate doesn't see what all the fuss is all about. All he wants is to keep his new pet. But Uncle Beazley, the dinosaur himself, just keeps getting bigger and bigger...|archive-date=August 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831191835/http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/enormous-egg|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/|title=NBC Children's Theatre (1963–1973): The Enormous Egg: Episode aired 18 April 1968|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|year=2008|access-date=2016-07-03|archive-date=March 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309154701/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=F Gwynplaine|last=MacIntyre|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/|title=User Comment|date=2003-05-28|work=NBC Children's Theatre (1963–1973): The Enormous Egg: Episode aired 18 April 1968|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|access-date=2016-07-03|archive-date=March 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309154701/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[108th United States Congress]] enacted the [[Commemorative Works Act#2003 amendments|Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act]]. This Act prohibits the siting of new commemorative works and visitor centers in a designated reserve area within the cross-axis of the Mall.<ref>Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act of 2003, ''in'' {{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&do|title=Public Law 108-126, Title II (117 Stat. 1349 - 117 Stat. 1353)|date=November 17, 2003|access-date=2010-02-04|archive-date=February 26, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226210642/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&docid=f%3Apubl126.108.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:WASNATMALL.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Looking east from the top of the Washington Monument towards the Mall and the U.S. Capitol, 2023]]

In October 2013, a two-week [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|federal government shutdown]] closed the National Mall and its museums and monuments.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael E. |last=Ruane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-mall-visitors-may-face-barricades-instead-of-welcomes/2013/09/30/8935c22e-29ec-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html |title=During a shutdown, Mall visitors will see barricades, not landmarks |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2013-10-01 |access-date=2015-02-21 |archive-date=February 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221215011/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-mall-visitors-may-face-barricades-instead-of-welcomes/2013/09/30/8935c22e-29ec-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, when a group of elderly veterans tried to enter the [[National World War II Memorial]] during the shutdown's first day, the memorial's barricades were removed.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael E. |last1=Ruane |first2=Debbi |last2=Wilgoren |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/visiting-veterans-storm-closed-wwii-memorial/2013/10/01/0fc2a376-2ab4-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html |title=Visiting veterans storm closed war memorial |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2013-10-01 |access-date=2015-02-21 |archive-date=February 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212200011/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/visiting-veterans-storm-closed-wwii-memorial/2013/10/01/0fc2a376-2ab4-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The NPS subsequently announced that the veterans had a legal right to be in the memorial and would not be barred in the future.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael E. |last1=Ruane |first2=Mark |last2=Berman |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-park-service-to-keep-ww-ii-memorial-open-to-veterans/2013/10/02/bddb5678-2b8c-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html |title=National Park Service to keep WWII Memorial open to veterans, as visitors skirt shutdown |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2013-10-02 |access-date=2015-02-21 |archive-date=February 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221213132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-park-service-to-keep-ww-ii-memorial-open-to-veterans/2013/10/02/bddb5678-2b8c-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the shutdown's second week, the NPS permitted an immigration rally and concert to take place on the Mall.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Gomez |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/08/government-shutdown-immigration-rally/2942257/ |title=Immigration rally allowed on Mall despite shutdown |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=2015-11-08 |access-date=2015-02-21 |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001812/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/08/government-shutdown-immigration-rally/2942257/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The National Mall viewed from the Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|The National Mall viewed from the Lincoln Memorial, July 2023]]
On December 8, 2016, the NPS listed on the National Register of Historic Places an increase in the National Mall [[Historic districts in the United States|Historic District]]'s boundary to encompass an area bounded by 3rd Street, NW/SW, Independence Avenue, SW, Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, the [[CSX Transportation|CSX Railroad]], the [[Potomac River]], Constitution Avenue, NW, 17th Street, NW, the White House Grounds, and 15th Street, NW. The listing's registration form, which contained 232 pages, described and illustrated the history and features of the historic district's proposed expanded area.<ref name=increase/>