Editing Mumbai (section)

=== Public transport ===
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Mumbai Monorail|Monorail]], [[Mumbai Metro|Metro]], [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter [[taxicabs|taxis]], [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[ferries]]. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.<ref name="bus44">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-date=27 September 2013 |format=DOC |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai |access-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="autaxi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles? |date=24 August 2005 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |access-date=29 August 2009 |quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage |date=22 April 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.<ref name="autaxi" />

==== Railway ====
The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], colloquially referred to as "Locals", forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite book |title=Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 July 2012 |date=July 2008 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai |last=Kumar |first=Akshey |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63&nbsp;[[lakh]] (6.3&nbsp;million) passengers every day in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of {{convert|319|km|mi|adj=pre|route}}. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 12 car and 15 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |title=Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. |date=6 March 2010}}</ref>

The [[Mumbai Monorail]] and [[Mumbai Metro]] have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.<ref name="startMono">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.<ref name="startMetro">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway (CR)]] headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway (WR)]] headquartered at [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the [[Indian Railways]]. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Bandra Terminus]], [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] and [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |page=14 |access-date=28 August 2009 |quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg|The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system carries more than 69.9&nbsp;lakh (6.99&nbsp;million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
File:Mumbaimetro.jpg|[[Mumbai Metro]] provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.
File:Mumbai Monorail train.jpg|The [[Mumbai Monorail]], opened in February 2014, is the [[Urban rail transit in India|only operational monorail system]] in India and also is the [[List of monorail systems|seventh largest Monorail system]] in the world.
</gallery>

==== Bus ====
[[File:Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg|alt=A BEST bus on Route 56|thumb|[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses carry a total of 2.8&nbsp;million passengers daily.]]

Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008,<ref name="bus44" /> which dropped to 2.8 million in 2015.<ref name="BESTdip">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |first=Ateeq |last=Shaikh |date=27 September 2015 |agency=DNA |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Mira-Bhayandar]] and Thane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |title=Organisational Setup |publisher=Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport  |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |title=Times of India Publications |publisher=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily<ref name="bus44" /> over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and [[Euro III]] compliant diesel, [[compressed natural gas]], and [[Electric bus|electric]] buses.<ref name="bestfleet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=BEST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |archive-date=18 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=22 February 2023 |title=India's first double-decker electric bus receives grand welcome in Mumbai {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615010808/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<ref name="timelineBEST">{{cite news |title=A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |date=29 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses of London.<ref name="newkiller">{{cite news |title=BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |date=4 June 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC, also known as ST)<ref name="training">{{cite news |title=Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=29 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2002 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) and [[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<ref name="NMMTgain">{{cite news |title=NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TMTmoolah">{{cite news |title=TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |first=Manoj |last=Badgeri |date=3 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Thane |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref>

The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a tourist bus service which explores numerous [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots |last=Seth |first=Urvashi |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<ref name="routetalpdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=BEST |page=5 |access-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with [[traffic congestion]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |last=Khanna |first=Gaurav |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref>

==== Water ====
[[Water transport in Mumbai]] consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners.<ref name="alibauglaunch">{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Hovercraft]] services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the [[Gateway of India]] and [[CBD Belapur]] in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate [[water transport infrastructure|infrastructure]].<ref name="nmhovercraft">{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=Sify |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>