Editing Monarchy of Canada (section)

===The Crown and Indigenous peoples===
{{Main|Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada}}
[[File:Presentation of Membertou Portrait to Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|[[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] leaders present a portrait of Grand Chief [[Henri Membertou]] to Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], 28 June 2010]]

Included in Canada's constitution are the various treaties between the Crown and Canada's [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] peoples, who, like the [[Māori people|Māori]] and the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] in New Zealand,<ref>{{Citation |last=Cox |first=Noel |title=The Evolution of the New Zealand monarchy: The Recognition of an Autochthonous Polity |publisher=University of Auckland |date=2001 |url=http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/2292/107/16/01front.pdf.txt |access-date=29 September 2009 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228063318/https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/107/01front.pdf.txt?sequence=16 |url-status=live}}</ref> generally view the affiliation as being not between them and the ever-changing Cabinet, but instead with the continuous Crown of Canada, as embodied in the reigning sovereign,<ref>{{Citation |last=Mainville |first=Sara |title=Lawsuits, treaty rights and the sacred balance |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=1 June 2007 |url=https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/220171 |access-date=18 May 2008 |archive-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927022943/http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/220171 |url-status=live}}</ref> meaning the link between monarch and Indigenous peoples in Canada will theoretically last for "as long as the sun shines, grass grows, and rivers flow."<ref name=FN>{{Citation| last1=Assembly of First Nations |author-link=Assembly of First Nations| last2=Elizabeth II| author2-link=Elizabeth II |title=A First Nations – Federal Crown Political Accord |url=http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf |series=1 |date=2004 |page=3 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Assembly of First Nations |access-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816041503/http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=Clarkson>{{Citation |last=Clarkson |first=Adrienne |author-link=Adrienne Clarkson |date=31 March 2004 |title=Address at the University of Toronto Faculty Association's C.B. Macpherson Lecture |url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?DocID=4158&lang=e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406003127/http://gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4158 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2004 |editor-last=Office of the Governor General of Canada |editor-link=Governor General of Canada |place=Toronto |publication-place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref>

The association stretches back to the [[Timeline of colonization of North America|first decisions]] between [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indigenous peoples]] and European colonialists and, over centuries of interface, [[Treaty|treaties]] were established concerning the monarch and indigenous nations. The only treaties that survived the [[American Revolution]] are those in Canada, which date to the beginning of the 18th century. Today, the main guide for relations between the monarchy and Canadian First Nations is King [[George III]]'s ''[[Royal Proclamation of 1763]]'';<ref name=CE>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=Anthony J. |contribution=Native Peoples > Native Peoples, General > Indian Treaties |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |editor-last=Marsh |editor-first=James Harley |place=Toronto |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-treaties  |access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref><ref name=RC261>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ch/rcap/sg/shm2_e.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080803202443/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca:80/ch/rcap/sg/shm2_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2008 |last=Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |author-link=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |title=Aboriginal Peoples & Communities > Royal Commission Report on Aboriginal Peoples > Volume 2 – Restructuring the Relationship: Part One: 2.6.1 A Royal Proclamation |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=28 June 2010 |ref=CITEREF_Department_of_Indian_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada_1991}}</ref> while not a treaty, it is regarded by First Nations as their [[Magna Carta]] or "Indian [[bill of rights]]",<ref name=RC261/><ref name=Valpy>{{Citation |last=Valpy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Valpy |title=The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=13 November 2009 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/offshore-but-built-in/article1363088  |access-date=14 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no}}</ref> as it affirmed native title to their lands and made clear that, though under the [[sovereignty]] of the Crown, the aboriginal bands were autonomous political units in a "nation-to-nation" association with non-native governments,<ref name=CT6FN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.treaty6.ca/default.aspx?page=Treaty%20Principles&ID=6 |title=About Us > Treaty Principals |publisher=Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations |access-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205758/http://www.treaty6.ca/default.aspx?page=Treaty%20Principles&ID=6 |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=CAP>{{Cite web| last1=Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples |title=Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Volume 2 – Restructuring the Relationship |url=http://data2.archives.ca/e/e448/e011188230-02.pdf |website=Library and Archives Canada |publisher=Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=20 July 2017 |pages=16–19 |date=October 1996| author1-link=Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321151216/http://data2.archives.ca/e/e448/e011188230-02.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> with the monarch as the intermediary.<ref name=Match>{{Citation |first=Jean-Maurice |last=Matchewan |title=Presentation to the Members of the Committee to Examine Matters Relating to the Accession of Quebec to Sovereignty |url=http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/Americas/algonqin.txt |date=4 February 1992 |location=Quebec City |publisher=Center for World Indigenous Studies |access-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822033913/http://cwis.org/fwdp/Americas/algonqin.txt |archive-date=22 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The agreements with the Crown are administered by [[Canadian Aboriginal law|aboriginal law]] and overseen by the [[Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations|minister of Crown-Indigenous relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/treaty-traite.asp?Language=EN |author=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |author-link=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |title=Treaty areas |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=17 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822043231/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/treaty-traite.asp?Language=EN |archive-date=22 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/al/hts/index-eng.asp |last=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |author-link=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |title=Acts, Agreements & Land Claims > Historic Treaties |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=17 November 2009 |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828165101/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/al/hts/index-eng.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quote box
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| quote = I have greatly appreciated the opportunity to discuss [...] the vital process of reconciliation in this country—not a one-off act, of course, but an ongoing commitment to healing, respect and understanding [...] with indigenous and non-indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly on the past and to forge a new relationship for the future.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/speech/speech-hrh-prince-wales-during-welcome-ceremony-confederation-building-st-johns-canada |title=A speech by HRH The Prince Of Wales during a Welcome Ceremony at Confederation Building, St John's, Canada |date=17 May 2022 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref>
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| source = Prince [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], 2022
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The link between the Crown and Indigenous peoples will sometimes be symbolically expressed through ceremony.<ref name=POW>{{Cite journal |last=Radforth |first=Ian |title=Performance, Politics, and Representation: Aboriginal People and the 1860 Royal Tour of Canada |journal=Canadian Historical Review |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |date=March 2003 |doi=10.3138/CHR.84.1.1| s2cid=154326223 |issn=0008-3755 |url=https://commerce.metapress.com/content/4n45604665183553/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=huj4zu55sspaxbj5hrrpp545&sh=utpjournals.metapress.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217155231/https://commerce.metapress.com/content/4n45604665183553/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=huj4zu55sspaxbj5hrrpp545&sh=utpjournals.metapress.com |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> Gifts have been frequently exchanged and aboriginal titles have been bestowed upon royal and viceregal figures since the early days of indigenous contact with the Crown.{{Refn|<ref name=Clarkson/><ref name="HBC">{{Citation |title=Peguis |place=Winnipeg |publisher=Hudson's Bay Company |id=B.235/a/3 fos. 28-28d}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Buckner|2005|page=77}}</ref><ref name=DCHsymb>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/kids-zone-answers.htm |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > Royal Visit of the Prince of Wales > Are You an "Ace" at Kings and Queens?: A children's quiz on monarchy in Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=15 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616093914/http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/kids-zone-answers.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/redbox/royalinvolvement.doc |title=Royal Involvement With Canadian Life |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |access-date=30 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029053459/http://www.monarchist.ca/redbox/royalinvolvement.doc |archive-date=29 October 2008}}</ref>}} As far back as 1710, Indigenous leaders have met to discuss treaty business with royal family members or viceroys in private audience and many continue to use their connection to the Crown to further their political aims;<ref name="Coates 2006 13">{{Cite book |last=Coates |first=Colin MacMillan |title=Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |date=2006 |location=Toronto |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC |isbn=978-1-5500-2586-6}}</ref> public ceremonies attended by the monarch or another member of the royal family have been employed as a platform on which to present complaints, witnessed by both national and international cameras.{{Refn|<ref name=Valpy/><ref>{{Citation |last=Valpy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Valpy |title=Reasons to love the Queen: No. 1, she's funky |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=2 February 2002 |url=http://members.fortunecity.com/foul2/queen.htm |access-date=4 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526173044/http://members.fortunecity.com/foul2/queen.htm |archive-date=26 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/05/23/first-nations-meet-prince-charles-ask-see-queen-elizabeth-ii-114551 |title=First Nations Meet With Prince Charles, Ask to See Queen Elizabeth II |date=23 May 2012 |publisher=Indian Country |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119203037/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/05/23/first-nations-meet-prince-charles-ask-see-queen-elizabeth-ii-114551 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Following country-wide [[Idle No More|protests]], beginning in 2012, and the close of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] in 2015, focus turned toward rapprochement between the nations in the nation-to-nation relationship.{{Refn|<ref name=Campbell>{{Citation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61505852 |last=Campbell |first=Sarah |title=Charles' message of listening, learning and reflecting |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=BBC |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/charles-camilla-royal-visit-stjohns-1.6454689 |title=Prince Charles, Camilla depart St. John's as Day 1 of Canadian Royal Tour wraps up |date=17 May 2022 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=G&M>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-prince-charles-camilla-royal-visit-canada-latest-updates  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519204021/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-prince-charles-camilla-royal-visit-canada-latest-updates  |archive-date=19 May 2022 |title=Prince Charles and Camilla's tour ends in the Northwest Territories today. Latest updates on the royal visit |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref name=cbcyd>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/charles-and-camilla-royal-visit-yellowknife-1.6459250 |title=Prince Charles and Camilla wrap up whirlwind visit to N.W.T. |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=pow>{{Cite web |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/prince-wales-and-duchess-cornwall-visit-canada |title=The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Canada |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Clarence House |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61505852 |title=Canada's indigenous leaders ask for royal apology |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>}}

====Hereditary chiefs====
{{Main|Hereditary chiefs in Canada}}
{{See also|History of monarchy in Canada#Pre-colonial}}
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| image1      = Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row.jpg
| image2      = John Simon - Portraits of Four Indian Kings of Canada, Etow Oh Koam, King of the River Nation - B2001.2.1507 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg
| image3      = 345Chief Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow by John Verelst, 1710. Archives of Canada..jpg
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| footer      = Portraits of the [[Four Mohawk Kings]], painted in 1710, during their visit with [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]
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The hereditary chiefs are leaders within [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] who represent different houses or clans and whose chieftaincies are passed down intergenerationally; most First Nations have a hereditary system.<ref name=Todd>{{Citation |url=https://vancouversun.com/opinion/columnists/douglas-todd-powers-of-hereditary-chiefs-test-many-first-nations |last=Todd |first=Douglas |title=Powers of hereditary chiefs test many First Nations |date=26 January 2023 |newspaper=Vancouver Sun |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> The positions are rooted in traditional models of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] governance that predate the [[colonization of Canada]]<ref name=Joseph>{{Citation |url=https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/hereditary-chief-definition-and-5-faqs| last1=Joseph| first1=Bob |title=Hereditary Chief definition and 5 FAQs |date=1 March 2016 |publisher=Indigenous Corporate Training Inc. |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=Abedi>{{Cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4833830/band-councils-hereditary-chiefs-indigenous-governance | last1=Abedi| first1=Maham |title=Band councils, hereditary chiefs — here's what to know about Indigenous governance |date=10 January 2019 |publisher=Global News |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> and are organized in a fashion similar to the [[Western world|occidental]] idea of monarchy.{{Refn|<ref name=Todd/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ferguson |first=Will |author-link=Will Ferguson |title=The Lost Kingdom |magazine=Maclean's |publisher=Rogers Media |location=Toronto |date=27 October 2003 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20031027_68038_68038&source=srch |issn=0024-9262 |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807100344/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20031027_68038_68038&source=srch |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldandi.com/specialreport/2001/october/Sa21577.htm |last=Kehoe |first=Alice Beck |title=First Nations History |publisher=The World & I Online |date=October 2001 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/monarchy-canada#introduction |last=Makarenko |first=Jay |title=The Monarchy in Canada |publisher=Maple Leaf Web |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419161314/http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/monarchy-canada#introduction |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Guichon>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHebDwAAQBAJ |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=D. Michael |title=Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption |last=Jakson |first=D. Michael |chapter=Introduction: The Crown in a Time of Transition |date=8 February 2020 |publisher=Dundurn |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4597-4575-9 |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>}} Indeed, early European explorers often considered territories belonging to different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms—such as along the north shore of the [[St. Lawrence River]], between the Trinity River and the [[L'Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec|Isle-aux-Coudres]], and the neighbouring "kingdom of Canada", which stretched west to the [[Island of Montreal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bourinot |first=J.G. |title=The Story of Canada |publisher=Read Books |date=2009 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiyViOSkLcwC |isbn=978-1-4446-3974-2 |ref=CITEREF_Bourinot_2009}}</ref>—and the leaders of these communities were referred to as kings,<ref name="Coates 2006 13"/> particularly those chosen through heredity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/4Chiefs.html |last=Odrowaz-Sypniewska |first=Margaret |title=The Four Indian Kings |publisher=The Bear Clan |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref>

Today, the hereditary chiefs are not sovereign; according to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], the Crown holds sovereignty over the whole of Canada, including reservation and traditional lands.{{Refn|<ref name=SCC1>{{Cite court |litigants=Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests) |vol=3 |reporter=Haida Nation |pinpoint=73 |court=Supreme Court of Canada |date=2004 |postscript=511}}</ref><ref name=SCC2>{{Cite court |litigants=Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) |vol=3 |reporter=Taku River |pinpoint=74 |court=Supreme Court of Canada |date=2004 |postscript=550}}</ref><ref name=SCC3>{{Cite court |litigants=Mikasew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) |vol=3 |pinpoint=69 |court=Supreme Court of Canada |date=2005 |postscript=388}}</ref>}} However, by some interpretations of case law from the same court, the chiefs have jurisdiction over [[List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America|traditional territories]] that fall outside of [[Band government|band]]-controlled [[Indian reserve|reservation land]],<ref>{{Citation |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2020/02/14/Wetsuweten-Crisis-Whose-Rule-Law |last=Hyslop |first=Katie |title=Wet'suwet'en Crisis: Whose Rule of Law? |date=14 February 2020 |publisher=The Tyee |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.chonfm.com/news/chon-fm-northern-news/wetsuweten-hereditary-chiefs-it-is-complicated |title=Wet'suwet'en Hereditary Chiefs - elected Band Council - it is complicated |date=20 February 2020 |publisher=CHON-FM |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> beyond the elected band councils established by the ''[[Indian Act]]''.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act| last1=Henderson| first1=William B. |title=Indian Act |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Elected vs. hereditary chiefs: What's the difference in Indigenous communities? |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/elected-vs-hereditary-chiefs-what-s-the-difference-in-indigenous-communities-1.4247466 |date=9 January 2019 |publisher=CTV News |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Although recognized by, and accountable to, the federal Crown-in-Council (the [[Government of Canada]]), band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge-keepers, responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's [[Traditional knowledge|traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices]].{{Refn|<ref name=Joseph/><ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chief |last=Robinson |first=Amanda |title=Chief |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=6 November 2018 |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951203045| last1=Neel| first1=David| last2=Harper| first2=Elijah |title=Our Chiefs and Elders: Words and Photographs of Native Leaders |page=78 |publisher=UBC Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-7748-5656-0 |location=Vancouver |oclc=951203045}}</ref>}} When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, [[Judith Guichon]] postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of Canada's constitutional monarch, being the representative of "sober second thought and wisdom, not the next political cycle; but, rather, enduring truths and the evolution of our nation through generations."<ref name=Guichon/> For these reasons, the Crown maintains formal relations with Canada's hereditary chiefs, including on matters relating to treaty rights and obligations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/what-we-know-about-the-deal-governments-agreed-to-with-wetsuweten-hereditary-chiefs |first=Ryan |last=Tumilty |publisher=National Post |publication-date=2 March 2020 |title=What we know about the deal governments agreed to with Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>