Editing Moldova (section)

=== Overview ===
[[File:Annual growth of GDP for Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine, 1980 to 2028.svg|thumb|Annual growth of GDP for Moldova, [[Romania]], and [[Ukraine]], 1980 to 2028]]
The economy of Moldova is an [[Emerging market|emerging]] upper-middle income economy, with a high [[Human Development Index]]. Since the country gained [[Independence Day of the Republic of Moldova|independence]] from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1992, it has steadily transitioned to a [[market economy]]. According to the [[World Bank]], despite a strong economic performance over the past two decades, Moldova remains among the poorest nations in Europe. Growth has remained relatively high since the 1990s, with low levels of unemployment and falling levels of poverty, but a combination of demographic factors, especially an [[Population ageing|ageing population]] and significant levels of emigration, and recent regional events, especially [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], have posed serious economic challenges to the Moldovan economy, particularly due to inflation and rising energy prices. Productivity growth has remained poor, and a significant proportion of the population are reliant on government pensions and social assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=The World Bank in Moldova |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/moldova/overview |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[World Bank]] |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812104654/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/moldova/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to Moldova's historic reliance upon Russian oil and natural gas, the energy sector has posed a particular challenge to the country's economy.
[[File:GDP Per Capita North Balkan Region.svg|thumb|Real GDP per capita development of Moldova, [[Romania]], and [[Ukraine]].]]
[[Measures of national income and output|GDP per capita]] has almost doubled from $2,749 (USD) in 2015 to $5,562 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP Per Capita (current US$) – Moldova {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns, annual GDP growth rebounded to 13.9% in 2021, before Russia's invasion of Ukraine, energy and refugee crises caused growth to collapse to −5.9%. {{as of|2022|lc=n}}, unemployment remains low at 2.3%, but inflation had dramatically increased to 28.7% due to the energy crisis caused by the invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moldova {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years the country has received significant economic assistance from the [[European Union]], IMF, and World Bank, particularly after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] predicts that in 2023 the economy will improve from a 1.5% contraction to a growth of 1.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=IMF Executive Board Concludes Second Reviews Under the Extended Credit Facility and Extended Fund Facility Arrangements for the Republic of Moldova |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/01/09/pr2301-imf-executive-board-concludes-second-reviews-under-ecf-and-eff-for-moldova |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMF]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213054/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/01/09/pr2301-imf-executive-board-concludes-second-reviews-under-ecf-and-eff-for-moldova |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moldova remains highly vulnerable to fluctuations in [[remittance]]s from workers abroad (which constitute 25 percent of GDP), exports to the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) and [[European Union]] (EU) (88 per cent of total exports), and donor support (about 10 per cent of government spending).<ref name="Walker-2015">{{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |last2=Nardelli |first2=Alberto |date=18 January 2015 |title=Russia's rouble crisis poses threat to nine countries relying on remittances |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/18/russia-rouble-threat-nine-countries-remittances |access-date=1 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209201100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/18/russia-rouble-threat-nine-countries-remittances |url-status=live }}</ref> The main transmission channels through which adverse exogenous shocks could impact the Moldovan economy are remittances (also due to potentially returning migrants), external trade, and capital flows.<ref name="Walker-2015" />

The economy's primary exports are agriculture, apparel, and sports equipments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Moldova – Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/moldova-market-overview |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213054/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/moldova-market-overview |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Moldova exported $140 million in wine and is the 21st largest exporter of wine in the world, with wine exports being the country's fifth largest export.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wine in Moldova {{!}} OEC |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wine/reporter/mda |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213056/https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wine/reporter/mda |url-status=live }}</ref> With its 300 days of sunshine per year, the climate in Moldova is ideal for agriculture and particularly [[vineyard]]s. The wine industry is a major economic sector, representing three percent of Moldova's GDP and eight percent of the country's total exports, according to government data.<ref name="Five Things To Know About Moldova">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2023 |title=Five Things To Know About Moldova |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/five-things-to-know-about-moldova-d767674 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |language=en-US |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161910/https://www.barrons.com/news/five-things-to-know-about-moldova-d767674 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the EU became the main purchaser of Moldovan wines. [[Information and communications technology|Information and Communication Technology]] (ICT) is one of the most promising economic sectors in Moldova, accounting for more than 10 percent of GDP. More than 2,000 students graduate with a degree in computing or a related field per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Moldova – Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/moldova-information-and-communication-technology |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213100/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/moldova-information-and-communication-technology |url-status=live }} {{pd-notice}}</ref> IT companies export about 80 percent of their total production to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the [[Netherlands]], and [[Romania]].

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+GDP per year&nbsp;(Source: World Bank)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Year
!GDP (Billions in US dollars)
|-
|2017
|9.52
|-
|2018
|11.25
|-
|2019
|11.74
|-
|2020
|11.53
|-
|2021
|13.69
|-
|2022
|14.51
|}
{{col-3}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Imports per year&nbsp;(Source: World Bank) <ref name="worl923">{{Cite web |title=Indicators of economy in Moldova |url=https://www.worlddata.info/europe/moldova/economy.php |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016013233/https://www.worlddata.info/europe/moldova/economy.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Year
!Imports (Billions in US dollars)
|-
|2017 ||5.37
|-
|2018 ||6.39
|-
|2019 ||6.61
|-
|2020 ||5.92
|-
|2021||7.91
|-
|2022||10.91
|}
{{col-3}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Exports per year&nbsp;(Source: World Bank) <ref name="worl923"/>
!Year
!Exports (Billions in US dollars)
|-
|2017 ||3.12
|-
|2018 ||3.45
|-
|2019 ||3.66
|-
|2020 ||3.22
|-
|2021||4.20
|-
|2022||5.98
|}
{{col-end}}