Editing Metal casting (section)

===Continuous casting===
{{Main article|Continuous casting}}

Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. It's primarily used to produce a semi-finished products for further processing.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Springer handbook of mechanical engineering |date=2021 |editor=Karl-Heinrich Grote |editor2=Hamid Hefazi |isbn=978-3-030-47035-7 |edition=2nd |location=Cham |publisher=Springer |oclc=1246246146}}</ref>{{Rp|page=339}}  Molten metal is poured into an open-ended, water-cooled mold, which allows a 'skin' of solid metal to form over the still-liquid center, gradually solidifying the metal from the outside in. After solidification, the strand, as it is sometimes called, is continuously withdrawn from the mold. Predetermined lengths of the strand can be cut off by either mechanical shears or traveling oxyacetylene torches and transferred to further forming processes, or to a stockpile. Cast sizes can range from strip (a few millimeters thick by about five meters wide) to billets (90 to 160&nbsp;mm square) to slabs (1.25 m wide by 230&nbsp;mm thick). Sometimes, the strand may undergo an initial [[hot rolling]] process before being cut.

Continuous casting is used due to the lower costs associated with continuous production of a standard product, and also increased quality of the final product. Metals such as steel, copper, aluminum and lead are continuously cast, with steel being the metal with the greatest tonnages cast using this method.

==== Upcasting ====
{{See also|Czochralski method}}
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The upcasting (up-casting, upstream, or upward casting) is a method of either vertical or horizontal continuous casting of rods and pipes of various profiles (cylindrical, square, hexagonal, slabs etc.) of 8-30mm in diameter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Technologies of continuous casting: horizontal, vertical downward, vertical upward – KMM {{!}} bronze and brass foundry {{!}} vertical continuous casting |url=https://kmmbronze.com/technologies-of-continuous-casting-horizontal-vertical-downward-vertical-upward/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141606/https://kmmbronze.com/technologies-of-continuous-casting-horizontal-vertical-downward-vertical-upward/ |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=2022-05-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>  [[Copper]] (Cu), [[bronze]] (Cu·[[Tin|Sn]] alloy), [[List of named alloys|nickel alloys]] are usually used because of greater casting speed (in case of vertical upcasting) and because of better physical features obtained. The advantage of this method is that metals are almost oxygen-free and that the rate of product crystallization (solidification) may be adjusted in a crystallizer - a high-temperature resistant device that cools a growing metal rod or pipe by using water.<ref name=":0" />

The method is comparable to [[Czochralski method]] of growing [[silicon]] (Si) crystals, which is a [[metalloid]].