Editing Marcel Duchamp (section)

== ''Étant donnés'' ==
{{main|Étant donnés}}
[[File:Etant donnes.jpg|thumb|''[[Étant donnés]]'', 1946–1966, [[mixed media]], posthumously and permanently [[Installation art|installed]] in the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] in 1969]]
Duchamp's final major art work surprised the art world, which believed he had given up art for chess 25 years earlier. Entitled ''[[Étant donnés]]: 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage'' ("Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas"), it is a tableau, visible only through a peep hole in a wooden door.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourfait Notes: Exterior view|url=http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_2/Notes/pop_1.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032808/http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_2/Notes/pop_1.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=Toutfait.com}}</ref> A nude woman may be seen lying on her back with her face hidden, legs spread, and one hand holding a gas lamp in the air against a landscape backdrop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourfait Notes: Interior view|url=http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_2/Notes/pop_2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202001156/http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_2/Notes/pop_2.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014 |publisher=Toutfait.com}}</ref> Duchamp had worked secretly on the piece from 1946 to 1966 in his [[Greenwich Village]] studio while even his closest friends thought he had abandoned art. The torso of the nude figure is based on Duchamp's lover, the Brazilian sculptor [[Maria Martins (artist)|Maria Martins]], with whom he had an affair from 1946 to 1951.<ref>Cotter, Holland. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/arts/design/28duchamp.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& "Duchamp in Philadelphia – Peepholes Onto a Landscape of Eros"], ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 23 September 2014.</ref>