Editing Manchuria (section)

=== History after 1860 ===
[[File:1940 Manchurian visa.jpg|thumb|upright|left|1940 [[Manchukuo]] visa issued at Hamburg]]

To counter the increasing influence of [[Meiji era|Meiji era Japan]] in the region, the Qing granted Russia the right to construct railways in Manchuria, including the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] in 1896.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=32}}

In the ''[[Chuang Guandong]]'' movement, many [[Han Chinese|Han]] farmers, mostly from the [[Shandong peninsula]] moved there. By 1921, Harbin, northern Manchuria's largest city, had a population of 300,000, including 100,000 [[Harbin Russians|Russians]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFC5ynXN2YC&pg=PA68 Memories of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, plague fighter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFC5ynXN2YC&pg=PA68 |date=16 November 2022 }}''. Yu-lin Wu (1995). [[World Scientific]]. p.68. {{ISBN|981-02-2287-4}}</ref> Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Manchuria as a result of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1904–1905. Most of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway was transferred from Russia to Japan, and became the [[South Manchurian Railway]]. Japanese influence extended into [[Outer Manchuria]] in the wake of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], but Outer Manchuria had reverted to Soviet control by 1925. Manchuria was an important region due to its rich natural resources including coal, fertile soil, and various minerals. For [[Empire of Japan|pre–World War II Japan]], Manchuria was an essential source of raw materials. Without occupying Manchuria, the Japanese probably could not have carried out their plan for conquest over Southeast Asia or taken the risk of attacking the [[United States]] and the [[British Empire]] in 1941.<ref>Edward Behr, ''The Last Emperor'', 1987, p. 202</ref>

There was a major [[epidemic]] known as the [[Manchurian plague]] in 1910–1911, likely caused by the inexperienced hunting of [[marmots]], many of whom are diseased. The cheap railway transport and the harsh winters, where the hunters sheltered in close confinement, helped to propagate the disease.<ref>[https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11 "Manchurian plague, 1910–11"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308205528/https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11 |date=8 March 2018 }}, disasterhistory.org, Iain Meiklejohn.</ref> The response required close coordination between the Chinese, Russian and Japanese authorities and international disease experts held an 'International Plague Conference' in the northern city of Shenyang after the disease was under control to learn the lessons.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/18/china/great-manchurian-plague-china-hnk-intl/index.html In 1911, another epidemic swept through China. That time, the world came together.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419065959/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/18/china/great-manchurian-plague-china-hnk-intl/index.html |date=19 April 2020 }} CNN, April 19, 2020</ref>

In 1915, Japan forced China to cede economic privileges in Manchuria to Japan, including concessions in [[Anshan]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=29}}

It was reported that among Banner people, both Manchu and Chinese (Hanjun) in Aihun, Heilongjiang in the 1920s, would seldom marry with Han civilians, but they (Manchu and Chinese Bannermen) would mostly intermarry with each other.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA263 Rhoads 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112046/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA263 |date=16 November 2022 }}, p. 263.</ref> Owen Lattimore reported that during his January 1930 visit to Manchuria, he studied a community in Jilin (Kirin), where both Manchu and Chinese Bannermen were settled at a town called Wulakai, and eventually the Chinese Bannermen there could not be differentiated from Manchus since they were effectively Manjurified. The Han civilian population was in the process of absorbing and mixing with them when Lattimore wrote his article.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/535718 Lattimore 1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012092825/https://www.jstor.org/stable/535718 |date=12 October 2016 }}, p. 272.</ref>

{{Clear}}
[[File:Manchukuo map.png|thumb|Map of [[Manchukuo]] (1933–1945)]]

Around the time of [[World War I]], [[Zhang Zuolin]] established himself as a powerful [[warlord]] with influence over most of Manchuria. Zhang established an autonomous rule that nominally acknowledged the Republic of China (ROC).<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=33-34}} Japan co-opted Zhang and retained its semi-colonial economic privileges.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=34}} During Zhang's rule, the Manchurian economy grew tremendously, backed by the immigration of Chinese from other parts of China. After Zhang was defeated in the Northern Expedition and retreated back to Manchuria from Beijing, Japanese army officers assassinated him<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=41}} on 2 June 1928, in what is known as the [[Huanggutun Incident]].<ref>Edward Behr, ''ibid'', p. 168</ref> These Japanese officers sought for Japan to take direct control of Manchuria, but the Japanese government did not support the plan.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=41}} Zhang's son [[Zhang Xueliang]] became Manchuria's new ruler.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=41}} He directed public funds towards the development of Chinese industrial enterprises in the region.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=41}}

Following the [[Mukden Incident]] in 1931 and the subsequent [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], the Japanese declared Manchuria an "independent state", and appointed the deposed Qing emperor [[Puyi]] as [[Puppet government|puppet emperor]] of [[Manchukuo]]. Under Japanese control, Manchuria was brutally run, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation.<ref>Edward Behr, ''ibid'', p. 202</ref> Manchukuo was used by Japan as a base to invade the rest of China. At that time, hundreds of thousands of [[Japanese settlers in Manchuria|Japanese settlers arrived in Manchuria]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

At the [[Yalta Conference]] in February 1945, [[Joseph Stalin]] agreed that the [[Soviet Union]] would declare war on Japan within three months after [[Victory in Europe Day|Germany surrendered]],<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/yalta-conference| title =  Yalta Conference| date = November 1, 2022| website = [[history.com]]| publisher = [[History Channel]]| access-date = 2024-04-27}}</ref> and the USA and UK agreed that the Soviet Union could pursue its claimed interests in Manchuria.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=72}} Accordingly, in August the Soviet Union issued its [[declaration of war]] and launched the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]. Soviet forces controlled Manchuria until they left in Spring 1946.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=64}} Afterwards, [[Nationalist government|China's Nationalist government]] took control of Manchuria.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=63}} Soon afterwards, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and the Nationalists started fighting for control over Manchuria. The communists won in the [[Liaoshen Campaign]]. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was then used as a [[staging area|staging ground]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]] for the [[Chinese Communist Party]], which emerged victorious in 1949. Ambiguities in the treaties that ceded Outer Manchuria to Russia led to disputes over the political status of several islands. The Kuomintang government in Taiwan (Formosa) complained to the [[United Nations]], which passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505|resolution 505]] on 1 February 1952, denouncing Soviet actions over the violations of the 1945 [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}