Editing Manchu people (section)

====Language====
{{Main|Manchu language}}
[[File:An Activity of Manchu Language by the Government and students in Changchun.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in [[Changchun]], 2011]]
The [[Manchu language]] is a [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic language]] and has many dialects. Standard Manchu originates from the accent of Jianzhou Jurchens<ref name=aisingioro2004>{{cite book |first = Yingsheng |last = Aisin Gioro |script-title = zh:《满语杂识》 |trans-title = Divers Knowledges of Manchu language |publisher = Wenyuan Publishing House |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-7-80060-008-1 |url = http://book.douban.com/subject/1520812/ }}</ref>{{rp|246}} and was officially standardized during the [[Qianlong Emperor]]'s reign.<ref name=tong2009/>{{rp|40}} During the Qing dynasty, Manchus at the imperial court were required to speak Standard Manchu or face the emperor's reprimand.<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|247}} This applied equally to the palace presbyter for shamanic rites when performing sacrifice.<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|247}}

After the 19th century, most Manchus had perfected Standard Chinese and the number of Manchu speakers was dwindling.<ref name=tong2009/>{{rp|33}} Although the Qing emperors emphasized the importance of the Manchu language again and again, the tide could not be turned. After the Qing dynasty collapsed, the Manchu language lost its status as a national language and its official use in education ended. Manchus today generally speak Standard Chinese. The remaining skilled native Manchu speakers number less than 100,{{efn|Less than 100 native speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mnc|title=Manchu|website=ethnologue.com|access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> Several thousands can speak Manchu as second language through primary education or free classes for adults in China.<ref name="takungpao">{{cite news|url = http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html|title = Ta Kung Pao: Manchu Language and Reviving Manchu Culture|date=26 April 2015|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171108152605/http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2015/0426/2982819.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2012/03-06/3720158.shtml|script-title=zh:人民大学满语培训班重新开课 缺教室是最大难题|trans-title=Renmin University's Manchu language training class reopens, the lack of classrooms is the biggest problem|date=6 March 2012|website=chinanews.com|access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml|script-title=zh:金标的十年"满语梦"|trans-title=Ten Years of Gold Label "Manchu Dream"|date=12 December 2011|author=顾然|website=news.ifeng.com|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812102046/http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://society.people.com.cn/GB/6445366.html |script-title=zh:全国现有满族人口1000多万 会说满语者已不足百人|trans-title=There are more than 10 million Manchu people in the country, and less than 100 people can speak Manchu|date=2007-10-29|publisher=People – China|access-date = 18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103082111/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/6445366.html}}</ref> most of whom are to be found in [[Sanjiazi]] ({{manchu|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡳᠯᠠᠨ<br />ᠪᠣᡠ}}|v=ilan boo|a=ilan bou}}), Heilongjiang Province.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/40483/40486/4334084.html |script-title = zh:满语"活化石"――"伊兰孛"--文化--人民网 |access-date = 18 March 2015 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230738/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/40483/40486/4334084.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of the Manchu language among the government, scholars and social activists.<ref name=manchus2009/>{{rp|218}} In recent years, with the help of the governments in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, many schools started to have Manchu classes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ln.chinanews.com/html/2012-03-20/457675.html|script-title=zh:本溪桓仁29名满语教师上岗|trans-title=29 Manchu language teachers in Benxi Huanren are on duty|date=2012-03-20|publisher=China News|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023247/http://www.ln.chinanews.com/html/2012-03-20/457675.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinanews.com/edu/2011/10-29/3423577.shtml |script-title=zh:辽宁一高中开设满语课 满族文化传承引关注|trans-title=A high school in Liaoning offers Manchu courses, and the inheritance of Manchu culture attracts attention|publisher=China News|access-date = 18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://edu.sina.com.cn/zxx/2012-03-22/1435332134.shtml |script-title=zh:满语课首次进入吉林一中学课堂(图)|trans-title=Manchu class entered the classroom of Jilin No. 1 Middle School for the first time (photo)|date=2012-03-22|publisher=Sina|access-date = 18 March 2015}}</ref> There are also Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mzb.com.cn/zgmzb/html/2011-07/29/content_78793.htm |script-title = zh:中国民族报电子版 |access-date = 18 March 2015 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061247/http://www.mzb.com.cn/zgmzb/html/2011-07/29/content_78793.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml|title=iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese)|website=ifeng.com|access-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125220202/http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml|archive-date=25 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/05/content_25882720.htm|title=Shenyang Daily: Young Man Teaches Manchu For Free To Rescue the Language (simplified Chinese)|website=syd.com.cn|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190300/http://i.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/05/content_25882720.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/node_17.htm|title=The Worry of Manchu Language|publisher=Beijing Evening News|date=2012-03-03|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105009/http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/node_17.htm}}</ref> Thousands of non-Manchus have learned the language through these platforms.<ref name="takungpao"/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/178/3607178.shtml |script-title = zh:别让满语文成天书 满语文抢救需靠大众力量[组图]_辽宁_文化 |access-date = 18 March 2015 |archive-date = 28 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131228235225/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/178/3607178.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/content_55839.htm|title=1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language|publisher=Beijing Evening News|date=2013-03-03|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513094153/http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/content_55839.htm}}</ref>

Today, in an effort to save Manchu culture from extinction, the older generation of Manchus are spending their time to teach young people; as an effort to encourage learners, these classes are often free. They teach through the Internet and even mail Manchu textbooks for free, all for the purpose of protecting the national cultural traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|script-title=zh:满语满文在丹东地区的衰微及其对满族文化发掘保护的影响|trans-title=Declination of Manchu Language and Characters in Dandong and Its Effect on Excavation and Protection of Manchu Culture|doi=10.14168/j.issn.1672-8572.2016.01.13|author=Feng Yun-ying|date=2016|journal= Journal of Liaodong University (Social Science Edition)|volume=18|issue=1|url=https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ChlQZXJpb2RpY2FsQ0hJTmV3UzIwMjIwODI0Eg9sbmN6eGIyMDE2MDEwMTQaCHlvbG1reDUz}}</ref>