Editing Management (section)

===19th century===
Classical economists such as [[Adam Smith]] (1723–1790) and [[John Stuart Mill]] (1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to [[resource allocation]], [[production (economics)]], and [[pricing]] issues. About the same time, innovators like [[Eli Whitney]] (1765–1825), [[James Watt]] (1736–1819), and [[Matthew Boulton]] (1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as [[standardization]], [[quality control|quality-control]] procedures, [[cost accounting|cost-accounting]], interchangeability of parts, and [[plan|work-planning]]. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-[[mass production]]<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Rosenthal
 | first1 = Caitlin
 | author-link= Caitlin Rosenthal
 | title = Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2eBjDwAAQBAJ
 | publisher = Harvard University Press
 | date = 2018
 | isbn = 9780674988576
 | access-date = 3 October 2020
}}
</ref>
before [[wage slavery]] eclipsed chattel slavery.

Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century.<ref>
{{cite book
| last                  = Khurana
| first                 = Rakesh
| author-link            = Rakesh Khurana
| title                 = From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=v3DfpKEsNREC
| access-date            = 2013-08-24
| orig-year              = 2007
| year                  = 2010
| publisher             = Princeton University Press
| isbn                  = 978-1-4008-3086-2
| page                  = 3
| quote                 = When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century, it was not obvious who they were, what they did, or why they should be entrusted with the task of running corporations.
}}
</ref> As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Groeger|first=Cristina V.|date=February 2018|title=A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0018268017000486/type/journal_article|journal=History of Education Quarterly|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=33–64|doi=10.1017/heq.2017.48|s2cid=149037078|issn=0018-2680}}</ref> Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks, bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses.